血腥体育

血腥体育（blood sport）泛指任何高機率会发生流血、伤残或死亡的竞技或观赏性体育运动^[1]，主要依赖用暴力和蛮力的视觉展示激发观众各种嗜血的应激反应，用刺激肾上腺素的分泌产生快感满足娱乐心理需求。血腥体育包括各种搏击运动、斗兽和各类涉及杀戮的户外运动（比如狩猎和捕鱼），其中历史上最著名、最高调的赛项是古罗马的角斗士。

种类列表

人与人

人与动物

休闲狩猎
戰利品狩獵
短吻鳄摔跤
斗牛
奔牛
砸鸡
狩猎
捕鱼
射火鸡
章鱼摔跤
揪鳝鱼
角斗士（与猛兽搏斗）

动物之间

动物混斗（通常是不同物种之间）
斗鱼
骆驼摔跤
斗鸡
猎犬狩猎（通常是捕捉狐狸、野兔、豺狼等等）
鬥熊
斗蟋蟀
鬥狗
斗马
斗公羊
斗蜘蛛

争议

非法格斗

非法格斗也称地下格斗或“黑拳”，泛指一切不受法律和官方规则监管的格斗体育赛事。现今的合法赛事通常都有很严格的安全措施，防止选手受到过重的伤害；但非法的赛事通常没有保护措施，甚至希望多流血来吸引受众，因此对选手危险性极高，伤残死亡时有发生。而且非法项目大多涉及赌博，并且时常有黑社会参与洗钱。聚众组织非法格斗的场所俗称“搏击俱乐部”（fight club）。

斗兽

虽然现代体育讲究安全和道德化，许多血腥体育仍然在一些地区属于合法，比如斗牛和斗鸡^[2]^[3]，其支持者通常喜欢用文化传统为其辩护^[4]。比如斗牛的支持者们（称作aficionado）就将斗牛看做一种文化活动而不是体育运动^[5]，或者称之为“悲剧奇观”（因为斗牛士总有命悬一线的风险，而公牛最终也会被杀死）。

休闲狩猎和捕鱼

动物权利和动物福利的支持者主张把“血腥体育”的概念扩张到各种休闲狩猎，特别是战利品狩猎^[6]，所涉及的动物几乎都会被杀死，将动物的身体部位割走做成战利品也可以被看做是一种虐尸。即使是使用麻醉枪的生态狩猎，也会因为心搏停止、窒息等并发症死亡，或因为跌倒造成的器官损伤、麻醉延迟消退影响行动力而造成动物机体功能下降，从而更容易遭到捕食、受伤和溺水无法长期存活^[7]^[8]。

休闲捕鱼也常常被指控是一种血腥体育，因为鱼钩或多或少会对鱼嘴、鱼鳃和鱼喉造成创伤^[9]，而鱼被拉出水面时挣扎和无法呼吸也受到折磨，同时被鱼线悬挂都能对鱼的颌骨和脊椎的韧带和肌肉造成拉伤。尽管西方休闲捕鱼者常常会钓获放流，仍有证据证明有平均六分之一^[10]到五分之一^[11]的鱼被释放后会死亡，特别是被从深水区强行拉到浅水的底栖鱼类^[12]^[13]。如果在钓鱼者持鱼的方式不恰当，死亡率可能超过四成^[13]。

另见

兽刑

参考

^ Blood sport. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 11. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2003: 134 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-87779-807-1.
^ Lewine, Edward. Death and the Sun: A Matador's Season in the Heart of Spain. Houghton Mifflin Company. July 2005: 231 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-618-26325-7. （原始内容存档于2 May 2019）.
^ Mitchell, Timothy. Blood Sport: a social history of Spanish bullfighting. University of Pennsylvania Press. July 1991: 244. ISBN 978-0-8122-3129-8.
^ Stratton, Jim. Cockfighting Persists as Underground Sport. Puerto Rico Herald. 18 January 2005 [20 May 2017]. （原始内容存档于6 October 2008）.
^ Bullfighting in Spain. October 31, 2018 [August 11, 2019]. （原始内容存档于August 11, 2019）.
^ Greenwood, George. The Cruelty of Sport. Salt, Henry S. (编). Killing for Sport. George Bell & Sons. 2015: 1–33 [1915] [20 May 2017]. （原始内容存档于13 October 2015）.
^ Will Big Game Hunters Trade Bullets for Tranquilizer Darts?. National Geographic News. 2015-05-17 [2019-04-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-10）.
^ Elkan, Paul. CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTIN LOWLAND FOREST, SOUTHWESTERN CAMEROON (PDF). Pachyderm. 1998, 25: 5 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-08-09） –通过Wildlife Conservation Society.
^ Wyatt, Bob. What Trout Want: The Educated Trout and Other Myths. Stackpole Books. 2013: 3 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-8117-1179-1. （原始内容存档于2 May 2019）.
^ Bartholomew, Aaron; Bohnsack, James A. A Review of Catch-and-Release Angling Mortality with Implications for No-take Reserves. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2005-02-01, 15 (1): 129–154. ISSN 1573-5184. doi:10.1007/s11160-005-2175-1 （英语）.
^ Drews, Debby. Like a Fish Out of Water 17 (1). Outside Bozeman: 70–74. Spring 2016 [2016-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.
^ 100% of Jew fish landed from water 15 to 20 meters deep have life-threatening injuries. Official Barotrauma results. ABC Northern Territory. 2007-08-31 [2021-09-28]. 原始内容存档于2007-10-14.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. "Evaluation of Procedures to Reduce Delayed Mortality of Black Bass Following Summer Tournaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Federal Aid Grant No. F-50-R, Fish Research for Oklahoma Waters, Project No. 8, March 1, 1996 through February 28, 1997

Don Atyeo, Blood and Guts: Violence in Sports, Grosset & Dunlap, 1979. ISBN 0448220008
Podcast: Cage fighting and the rise of the UFC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[:0-1] Blood sport. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 11. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2003: 134 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-87779-807-1.

[2] Lewine, Edward. Death and the Sun: A Matador's Season in the Heart of Spain. Houghton Mifflin Company. July 2005: 231 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-618-26325-7. （原始内容存档于2 May 2019）.

[3] Mitchell, Timothy. Blood Sport: a social history of Spanish bullfighting. University of Pennsylvania Press. July 1991: 244. ISBN 978-0-8122-3129-8.

[PR-4] Stratton, Jim. Cockfighting Persists as Underground Sport. Puerto Rico Herald. 18 January 2005 [20 May 2017]. （原始内容存档于6 October 2008）.

[5] Bullfighting in Spain. October 31, 2018 [August 11, 2019]. （原始内容存档于August 11, 2019）.

[GreenwoodSalt1915-6] Greenwood, George. The Cruelty of Sport. Salt, Henry S. (编). Killing for Sport. George Bell & Sons. 2015: 1–33 [1915] [20 May 2017]. （原始内容存档于13 October 2015）.

[:122-7] Will Big Game Hunters Trade Bullets for Tranquilizer Darts?. National Geographic News. 2015-05-17 [2019-04-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-10）.

[:2-8] Elkan, Paul. CHEMICAL IMMOBILIZATION OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTIN LOWLAND FOREST, SOUTHWESTERN CAMEROON (PDF). Pachyderm. 1998, 25: 5 [2021-09-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-08-09） –通过Wildlife Conservation Society.

[Wyatt-9] Wyatt, Bob. What Trout Want: The Educated Trout and Other Myths. Stackpole Books. 2013: 3 [20 May 2017]. ISBN 978-0-8117-1179-1. （原始内容存档于2 May 2019）.

[10] Bartholomew, Aaron; Bohnsack, James A. A Review of Catch-and-Release Angling Mortality with Implications for No-take Reserves. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2005-02-01, 15 (1): 129–154. ISSN 1573-5184. doi:10.1007/s11160-005-2175-1 （英语）.

[11] Drews, Debby. Like a Fish Out of Water 17 (1). Outside Bozeman: 70–74. Spring 2016 [2016-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）.

[12] 100% of Jew fish landed from water 15 to 20 meters deep have life-threatening injuries. Official Barotrauma results. ABC Northern Territory. 2007-08-31 [2021-09-28]. 原始内容存档于2007-10-14.

[#1-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation. "Evaluation of Procedures to Reduce Delayed Mortality of Black Bass Following Summer Tournaments （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Federal Aid Grant No. F-50-R, Fish Research for Oklahoma Waters, Project No. 8, March 1, 1996 through February 28, 1997

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