酒石酸锑钾

酒石酸锑钾三水合物
别名	酒石酸氧锑钾; 吐酒石
识别
CAS号	28300-74-5
PubChem	16682736
ChemSpider	17214979
SMILES	[K+].[K+].[H]O[H].[H]O[H].[H]O[H].O=C1O[Sb-]23OC1C1O[Sb-]4(OC(C(O2)C(=O)O3)C(=O)O4)OC1=O;
InChI	1S/2C4H4O6.2K.3H2O.2Sb/c25-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;;;;;;/h21-2H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;;31H2;;/q2-2;2+1;;;;2+3/p-4;
InChIKey	WBTCZEPSIIFINA-UHFFFAOYSA-J
EINECS	234-293-3
ChEBI	2761
KEGG	C11340
性质
化学式	K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2 · 3 H2O
摩尔质量	667.87 g·mol⁻¹
外观	白色晶体
密度	2.6 g/cm3
溶解性（水）	8.3 g/100 mL（0 °C）; 35.9 g/100 mL（100 °C）
危险性
警示术语	R：R20/22 R51/53
安全术语	S：S2 S61
欧盟分类	Xn N
	致死量或浓度：
LD50（中位剂量）	110 mg/kg
	若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

酒石酸锑钾（英語：Antimony potassium tartrate），又称酒石酸氧锑钾（英語：Potassium antimonyl tartrate），俗称吐酒石（英語：Tartar emetic或Emetic tartar），化学式为K₂Sb₂(C₄H₂O₆)₂，为酒石酸的锑钾复盐。酒石酸锑钾自古以来一直被用作一种强效的催吐剂；除此之外，它还曾被用于治疗血吸虫病和利什曼病。

催吐作用

在中世纪时，人们已经知道酒石酸锑钾具有催吐作用。由于它的毒性较大，人们在那时一般不直接服用——而是将酒在锑杯中存放24小时，并多次少量地饮用，直至达到需要的催吐效果为止。^[1]^[2]^[3]

目前酒石酸锑钾仍被用于动物学研究中被捕获动物的催吐，以了解它们的饮食习惯。^[4]^[5]^[6]

药用

酒石酸锑钾最早的药用是在1906年用于治疗锥虫病的试验，并随即开展了用这种化合物治疗其他热带病的研究。^[7]

在1913年，酒石酸锑钾开始用于治疗利什曼病。随着毒性更小的五价锑药物（如葡萄糖酸锑钠和葡甲胺锑酸盐）的发现，酒石酸锑钾被逐渐淘汰。^[7]^[8]

英国医生John B. Christopherson于1918年发现了酒石酸锑钾能够治愈血吸虫病，在这之后它开始被广泛使用。^[9]^[10]^[11] 但是，人们发现注射酒石酸锑钾能够引起十分严重甚至致命的副作用（如阿－斯综合征），^[12]因此研究者开始寻找更好的替代药物。20世纪70年代吡喹酮的发现使得酒石酸锑钾等锑剂逐渐被停止使用。^[13]^[14]

毒性

与所有锑化合物一样，酒石酸锑钾具有毒性。^[15] 中毒的主要原因曾是药物过量；目前则多由误服引起：如曾有报道四人在食用由含酒石酸锑钾（误作酒石酸氢钾而掺入）的泡打粉制作的蛋糕后发生了严重中毒，其中一位93岁的中毒者死于多器官衰竭；^[16] 以及在中美洲有一位酗酒者在其妻子给其服用未知成分（后来得知为不纯的酒石酸锑钾）的“戒酒药”之后发生持续的呕吐，之后在重症监护病房中检测出严重的心脏、肝脏、肾脏功能异常并几乎因此而死亡。^[17]

制取

通过将三氧化二锑溶解在酒石酸中能够很容易制得酒石酸锑钾。^[18]

参考资料

^ McCallum, RI. President's address. Observations upon antimony. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1977, 70 (11): 756–63. PMC 1543508 . PMID 341167.
^ Thomson, SC. Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1926, 19 (Sect Hist Med): 122.2–128. PMC 1948687 . PMID 19985185.
^ Weiss, S.; Hatcher, RA. The Mechanism of the Vomiting Induced by Antimony and Potassium Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1922, 37 (1): 97–111. PMC 2128404 . PMID 19868716. doi:10.1084/jem.37.1.97.
^ Poulin, B.; Lefebvre, G. t.; McNeil, R. Effect and Efficiency of Tartar Emetic in Determining the Diet of Tropical Land Birds. The Condor. 1994, 96 (1): 98–104. JSTOR 1369067. doi:10.2307/1369067.
^ Carlisle, J. D.; Holberton, R. L. Relative Efficiency of Fecal versus Regurgitated Samples for Assessing Diet and the Deleterious Effects of a Tartar Emetic on Migratory Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2006, 77 (2): 126–135. JSTOR 27639314. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00032.x.
^ Diamond, Antony W.; Fayad, V. C.; McKinley, Peter S. Commentary: Ipecac: An Improved Emetic for Wild Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2007, 78 (4): 436–439. JSTOR 27715221. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00136.x.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Low, George C. The history of the use of intravenous injections of tartar emetic (Antimonium tartaratum) in tropical medicine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1916, 10 (2): 37. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90068-3.
^ Navarro, Maribel; Gabbiani, Chiara; Messori, Luigi; Gambino, Dinorah. Metal-based drugs for malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Recent achievements and perspectives. Drug Discovery Today. 2010, 15 (23–24): 1070–8. PMID 20974285. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.005.
^ Christopherson, J.B. The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis. The Lancet. 1918, 192 (4958): 325. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.
^ Crichton-Harris, Ann. Poison in small measure: Dr. Christopherson and the cure for bilharzia. 2009-07-15 [2012-08-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-17541-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-14）.
^ Sabah, A.A.; Fletcher, Cathy; Webbe, G.; Doenhoff, M.J. Schistosoma mansoni: Chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology. 1986, 61 (3): 294–303. PMID 3086114. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(86)90184-0.
^ T'AO, SC. Cardiac manifestations of the toxic action of potassium antimony tartrate in schistosomiasis patients: paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.. Chinese medical journal (Peking, China : 1932). 1957-05, 75 (5): 365–78. PMID 13447130.
^ Hagan, Paul. Schistosomiasis – a rich vein of research. Parasitology. 2009, 136 (12): 1611–9. PMID 19691867. doi:10.1017/S003118200999093X.
^ Publishers, Bentham Science. The Antimonials. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1996-10: 304–305 [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-07）.
^ Winship, K. A. Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. Adverse drug reactions and acute poisoning reviews. 1987, 6 (2): 67–90. PMID 3307336.
^ Lauwers, LF; Roelants, A; Rosseel, PM; Heyndrickx, B; Baute, L. Oral antimony intoxications in man.. Critical care medicine. 1990-03, 18 (3): 324–6. PMID 2302961. doi:10.1097/00003246-199003000-00017.
^ Cabot, Richard C.; Harris, Nancy Lee; Shepard, Jo-Anne O.; Rosenberg, Eric S.; Cort, Alice M.; Ebeling, Sally H.; Peters, Christine C.; MacÍas Konstantopoulos, Wendy; Burns Ewald, Michele. Case 22-2012. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012, 367 (3): 259. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1111580.
^ Knapp, Fr. Zur Bildungsgeschichte des Brechweinsteins. Annalen der Pharmacie. 1839, 32: 76. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390320107.

拓展阅读

Priesner, Claus. Basilius Valentinus und die Labortechnik um 1600. Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte. 1997, 20 (2–3): 159. doi:10.1002/bewi.19970200205.
Geoffroy, M.; Stack, T. Observations on the Effects of the Vitrum Antimonii Ceratum, by Mons. Geoffroy, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and F. R. S. Translated from the French by Tho. Stack, M. D. F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions. 1751, 47: 273–278. JSTOR 105054. doi:10.1098/rstl.1751.0042.
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. Lehrbuch der Chemie. 1824 [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-14）.
Copus, Martinus. Das Spißglas in ein Glas gegossen, das man Vitrum Antimonii nennt, ein wahrhafftige Gift vnd gantzgeferliche Artzney sey. 1569.
The Technologist. 1861 [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-14）.
Captain Cook's Antimony Cup (PDF). Vesalius, VII, 2. 2001: 62–64.
Schneider, R. Ueber einige Antimon-Verbindungen. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 1859, 184 (11): 407. Bibcode:1859AnP...184..407S. doi:10.1002/andp.18591841104.
Groschuff, E. Reines Antimon. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 1918, 103: 164. doi:10.1002/zaac.19181030109.
Soubeiran, E.; Capitaine, H. Zur Geschichte der Weinsteinsäure. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 1840, 19: 435. doi:10.1002/prac.18400190171.
Pfaff, C. H. Ueber Antimon-Wasserstoffgas und die davon abhängige Unsicherheit des von James Marsh entdeckten Verfahrens zur Entdeckung des Arseniks. Archiv der Pharmazie. 1838, 64 (2): 169. doi:10.1002/ardp.18380640215.
Zimmermann, E. Das Antimon in der Chemotherapie. Klinische Wochenschrift. 1930, 9: 27. doi:10.1007/BF01740712.
Gress, Mary E.; Jacobson, Robert A. X-ray and white radiation neutron diffraction studies of optically active potassium antimony tartrate, K₂Sb₂(d-C₄H₂O₆)2·3H₂O (tarter emetic). Inorganica Chimica Acta. 1974, 8: 209. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)92617-3.

[1] McCallum, RI. President's address. Observations upon antimony. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1977, 70 (11): 756–63. PMC 1543508 . PMID 341167.

[2] Thomson, SC. Antimonyall Cupps: Pocula Emetica or Calices Vomitorii. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1926, 19 (Sect Hist Med): 122.2–128. PMC 1948687 . PMID 19985185.

[3] Weiss, S.; Hatcher, RA. The Mechanism of the Vomiting Induced by Antimony and Potassium Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1922, 37 (1): 97–111. PMC 2128404 . PMID 19868716. doi:10.1084/jem.37.1.97.

[4] Poulin, B.; Lefebvre, G. t.; McNeil, R. Effect and Efficiency of Tartar Emetic in Determining the Diet of Tropical Land Birds. The Condor. 1994, 96 (1): 98–104. JSTOR 1369067. doi:10.2307/1369067.

[5] Carlisle, J. D.; Holberton, R. L. Relative Efficiency of Fecal versus Regurgitated Samples for Assessing Diet and the Deleterious Effects of a Tartar Emetic on Migratory Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2006, 77 (2): 126–135. JSTOR 27639314. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00032.x.

[6] Diamond, Antony W.; Fayad, V. C.; McKinley, Peter S. Commentary: Ipecac: An Improved Emetic for Wild Birds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 2007, 78 (4): 436–439. JSTOR 27715221. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2007.00136.x.

[Low-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Low, George C. The history of the use of intravenous injections of tartar emetic (Antimonium tartaratum) in tropical medicine. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1916, 10 (2): 37. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90068-3.

[8] Navarro, Maribel; Gabbiani, Chiara; Messori, Luigi; Gambino, Dinorah. Metal-based drugs for malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis: Recent achievements and perspectives. Drug Discovery Today. 2010, 15 (23–24): 1070–8. PMID 20974285. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.005.

[9] Christopherson, J.B. The Successful Use of Antimony in Bilharziosis. The Lancet. 1918, 192 (4958): 325. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0.

[10] Crichton-Harris, Ann. Poison in small measure: Dr. Christopherson and the cure for bilharzia. 2009-07-15 [2012-08-13]. ISBN 978-90-04-17541-9. （原始内容存档于2019-06-14）.

[11] Sabah, A.A.; Fletcher, Cathy; Webbe, G.; Doenhoff, M.J. Schistosoma mansoni: Chemotherapy of infections of different ages. Experimental Parasitology. 1986, 61 (3): 294–303. PMID 3086114. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(86)90184-0.

[12] T'AO, SC. Cardiac manifestations of the toxic action of potassium antimony tartrate in schistosomiasis patients: paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.. Chinese medical journal (Peking, China : 1932). 1957-05, 75 (5): 365–78. PMID 13447130.

[13] Hagan, Paul. Schistosomiasis – a rich vein of research. Parasitology. 2009, 136 (12): 1611–9. PMID 19691867. doi:10.1017/S003118200999093X.

[14] Publishers, Bentham Science. The Antimonials. Current Medicinal Chemistry. 1996-10: 304–305 [2012-08-13]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-07）.

[15] Winship, K. A. Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. Adverse drug reactions and acute poisoning reviews. 1987, 6 (2): 67–90. PMID 3307336.

[16] Lauwers, LF; Roelants, A; Rosseel, PM; Heyndrickx, B; Baute, L. Oral antimony intoxications in man.. Critical care medicine. 1990-03, 18 (3): 324–6. PMID 2302961. doi:10.1097/00003246-199003000-00017.

[17] Cabot, Richard C.; Harris, Nancy Lee; Shepard, Jo-Anne O.; Rosenberg, Eric S.; Cort, Alice M.; Ebeling, Sally H.; Peters, Christine C.; MacÍas Konstantopoulos, Wendy; Burns Ewald, Michele. Case 22-2012. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012, 367 (3): 259. doi:10.1056/NEJMcpc1111580.

[18] Knapp, Fr. Zur Bildungsgeschichte des Brechweinsteins. Annalen der Pharmacie. 1839, 32: 76. doi:10.1002/jlac.18390320107.

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