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User:奔流沙/商学院

维基百科，自由的百科全书
欧洲管理学院,现为世上最古老的商学院。

A business school is a university-level institution that confers degrees in Business Administration. It teaches topics such as accounting, finance, information systems, marketing, organizational behavior, public relations, strategy, human resource management, and quantitative methods.


Types of business school

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They include schools of business, business administration, and management. There are four principal forms of business school.

商学院的类型

  1. Most of the university business schools are faculties, colleges or departments within the university, and teach predominantly business courses.
  1. In North America a business school is often understood to be a university graduate school which offers a Master of Business Administration or equivalent degree.
  1. Also in North America the term "business school" can refer to a different type of institution: a two-year school that grants the Associate's degree in various business subjects. Most of these schools began as secretarial schools, then expanded into accounting or bookkeeping and similar subjects. They are typically operated as businesses, rather than as institutions of higher learning.
  • 同样是在北美，挂有商学院名称的学校可以提供各种不同类型的教学内容：两年制的商科类副学士学位（类似中国的大专）。大多数学校一般先成立文秘学校，然后扩展开设会计，财务以及其他类似课程。它们更多的被当作企业来经营，而不是高校。
  1. In Europe and Asia, some universities teach only business.
  • 在欧洲与亚洲，有些商学院是专门教学商科的独立院校。

Notable business school firsts

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  • 1759 - The Aula do Comércio in Lisbon was the world's first institution to specialise in the teaching of commerce. It provided a model for development of similar government-sponsored schools across Europe, and closed in 1844. [1]
  • 1819年，巴黎高等商学院（或巴黎商业学院，即现在的欧洲管理学院）成立。该校现为世上最古老的商学院。
  • 1898 - The University of Chicago Graduate School of Business was the first business school to offer a PhD program and an Executive MBA program. It is the first business school to have a Nobel laureate on its faculty: George Stigler won the prize after retiring from the school in 1981. It is also the first business school to have six Nobel laureates on its faculty.
  • 1900 - The Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College was founded as the first graduate school of business, offering the first master's degree in business administration, titled the "Master of Commercial Science"
  • 1907 - The École des Hautes Études Commerciales de Montréal (HEC Montréal) was founded as the first business school in Canada [4]
  • 1957 - INSEAD, near Paris, France, became the first European institution to offer an MBA program.
  • 1964 - INCAE Business School or Instituto Centroamericano de Administración de Empresas was founded by Harvard Business School [9]
  • 1973 - The École des Affaires de Paris (EAP) (now ESCP-EAP) was the first business school with campuses in three countries
  • 1973年，欧洲管理学院(法文名称"ESCP -EAP"是原"巴黎高等商学院"和"巴黎商业学院"的缩写)成为首个在三个不同国家分设校区的商学院。

Business school degrees

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商学院学位名称

  • Post Graduate Diploma in Business Management (PGDBM), Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Business Management, Post Graduate Program (PGP) in Management

Business school use of case studies

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Some business schools center their teaching around the use of case studies (i.e. the case method). Case studies have been used in graduate and undergraduate business education for nearly one hundred years. Business cases are historical descriptions of actual business situations. Typically, information is presented about a business firm's products, markets, competition, financial structure, sales volumes, management, employees and other factors affecting the firm's success. The length of a business case study may range from two or three pages to 30 pages, or more.

Business schools often obtain case studies published by Harvard Business School, INSEAD, other academic institutions, or case clearing houses (such as ECCH). Harvard's most popular case studies include Lincoln Electric Co.[10] and Google, Inc.[11].

Students are expected to scrutinize the case study and prepare to discuss strategies and tactics that the firm should employ in the future. Three different methods have been used in business case teaching:

  • 学生需要对提供的数据和信息进行分析并讨论，然后找出解决问题的战略与战术提供给企业。在这个过程中训练学生的战略思想、思维模式和实际处理问题的能力。在实际教学实践当中，案例教学法一般有以下三种方法：
  1. Prepared case-specific questions to be answered by the student. This is used with short cases intended for undergraduate students. The underlying concept is that such students need specific guidance to be able to analyze case studies.
  1. 个别问题提问法。这是一种小案例学习法，一般用于本科生教学，这种教学方法是基于本科生需要明确的指导方向才能分析案例这样的理念。
  1. Problem-solving analysis. This second method, initiated by the Harvard Business School is by far the most widely used method in MBA and executive development programs. The underlying concept is that with enough practice (hundreds of case analyses) students develop intuitive skills for analyzing and resolving complex business situations. Click here for more information on the HBS case method. Successful implementation of this method depends heavily on the skills of the discussion leader.
  1. 解题分析法。这种方法最先被哈佛商学院使用，也是目前MBA与高级经理人发展课程(Executive Development Programs)最为常用的一种教学方法。这种理念是基学生已有足够的实践(经过成百的案例分析训练)，应该训练学生分析和解决企业经营中较为复杂的问题的技巧。点击 这里 可了解更多哈佛商学院的案例教学法。
  1. A generally applicable strategic planning approach. This third method does not require students to analyze hundreds of cases. A strategic planning model is provided and students are instructed to apply the steps of the model to six to a dozen cases during a semester. This is sufficient to develop their ability to analyze a complex situation, generate a variety of possible strategies and to select the best ones. In effect, students learn a generally applicable approach to analyzing cases studies and real situations. This approach does not make any extraordinary demands on the artistic and dramatic talents of the teacher. Consequently most professors are capable of supervising application of this method.
  1. 战略规划法。这种方法不要求学生分析上百个案例。使用战略规划模型，学生需要在单个学期内，在老师的指导下完成6到12个案例模型的步骤模拟分析。这种方法足够达到培养学生的分析和解决复杂问题的能力，并能在一系列可行的解决方案找出最佳方案。


History of business cases

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When Harvard Business School was founded, the faculty quickly realized that there were no textbooks suitable to a graduate program in business. Their first solution to this problem was to interview leading practitioners of business and to write detailed accounts of what these managers were doing. Of course the professors could not present these cases as practices to be emulated because there were no criteria available for determining what would succeed and what would not succeed. So the professors instructed their students to read the cases and to come to class prepared to discuss the cases and to offer recommendations for appropriate courses of action. Basically that is the model still being used. See a critique of this approach.

  • 早期的案例是非常简单的，一些新闻报道、法律文件、业务报告等都曾被教师拿来当作案例，用于课堂讨论。因为有效解决现实问题是企业管理者的必备技能，因此把现实中出现的问题，拿来给未来的管理者们在课堂上分析与讨论，是一种比较合适的做法。
  • 在哈佛商学院成立之初，学院发现并没有合适的案例作为本科商科的教材，他们解决这个问题的方法就是：采访一些企业家，并请他们写下本企业在经营管理中的遇到的问题与事情经过，学校组织学生阅读这些资料，然后邀请企业家来主持相应的案例讨论课，找出解决企业问题的办法。目前，这种方法一直被沿用。这里是一个例子:critique。

Other approaches to business school

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In contrast to the case method some schools use a skills-based approach in teaching business. This approach emphasizes quantitative methods, in particular operations research, management information systems, statistics, organizational behavior, modeling and simulation, and decision science. The goal is to provide students a set of tools that will prepare them to tackle and solve problems.

Another important approach used in business school is the use of Business simulation games that are used in different disciplines such as business, economics, management, etc.

There are also several business school that still rely on the lecture method to give students a basic business education. Lectures are generally given from the professor's point of view, and rarely require interaction from the students unless notetaking is required.

  • 也有部分商学院采用讲座这种教学方法，这种方法只是一种基础式的教学方法，教授一般只需点出重点，一般很少与学生有互动环节，除非是有笔记要求。

Global Master of Business Administration ranking

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Each year, well-known business publications such as Business Week, US News & World Report, Fortune, Financial Times, and the Wall Street Journal publish rankings of selected MBA programs that, while controversial in their methodology, nevertheless can directly influence the prestige of schools that achieve high scores.

著名商学院

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美国

欧洲

亚洲

中国

中国老四大商学院

Lists of business schools

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See also

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