User:Shawnleejayz/vuvuzela

Vuvuzela made of plastic

The vuvuzela (英語發音：/vuːvuːˈzeɪlə/) , sometimes called a "lepatata" (its Tswana name) or a stadium horn, is a blowing horn up to approximately 1米（3英尺3英寸） in length. It is commonly blown by fans at football matches in South Africa. The instrument requires some lip and lung strength to blow and emits (from the standard shorter horn of 60–65 cm) a loud monotone (B♭3). A similar instrument (known as corneta in Brazil and other Latin American countries) is used by football fans in South America. Very similar plastic horns have also been a tradition at the Quebec Winter Carnival for many years.

Vuvuzelas have been controversial. They have been associated with permanent noise-induced hearing loss, cited as a possible safety risk when spectators cannot hear evacuation announcements, and potentially spread colds and flu viruses on a greater scale than coughing or shouting. Vuvuzelas have also been blamed for drowning the sound and atmosphere of football games. Commentators have described the sound as "annoying" and "satanic" and compared it with "a stampede of noisy elephants", "a deafening swarm of locusts", "a goat on the way to slaughter", and "a giant hive full of very angry bees".

The sound level of the instrument has been measured at 127 decibels contributing to football matches with dangerously high sound pressure levels for unprotected ears. A new model, however, announced on 14 June 2010, has a modified mouthpiece which is claimed to reduce the volume by 20 dB.

起源

這種塑料喇叭20世紀70年代起源於墨西哥體育館 .原本由錫製成, 嗡嗡祖拉於20世紀90年代在南非走紅。註明的 凯泽酋长足球俱乐部 球迷Freddie "Saddam" Maake 宣稱早在1965年，去掉了橡皮吹嘴，發明了鋁製的，用於就從自行車喇叭。後來他發現這個吹嘴太短，於是加了個長的館子。 Maake有拍攝於19世紀70年代和80年代的南非當地比賽，和1998年世界盃足球賽使用鋁製的嗡嗡祖拉於照片。他說，後來當局認為這種鋁製的嗡嗡祖拉有危險性，所以他找到了個塑料公司，製造了塑料的嗡嗡祖拉。

2001年，南非公司马辛斯丹运动公 開始批量生產塑料製的嗡嗡祖拉. Neil van Schalkwyk, the co-owner of Masincedane Sport, won the SAB KickStart Award in 2001.

也有人說嗡嗡祖拉來源於非洲號角樂器kudu , 但這是有爭議的. During the entire match, supporters blow vuvuzelas frantically in an attempt to "kill off" their opponents.

2005年，註明南非黑人專欄寫手 、前體育記者, Jon Qwelane 將導致他放棄觀看現場比賽的嗡嗡祖拉描述為「來自低於的樂器」，並敦促在2010年世界盃足球賽中禁止使用。.

詞語的由來

關於「嗡嗡祖拉」詞語的由來是有爭議的，它起源於祖鲁，意思是發出「溫溫」的噪音或者來源於南非俚語，近似於詞語「沖涼」。

法律爭議

2010年初的拿撒勒浸信会成员声称 ，嗡嗡祖拉屬於他們教堂，並以採取法律措施相威脅，要求球迷停止在世界盃比賽中使用嗡嗡祖拉。

2009 FIFA Confederations Cup

South African fan blowing a vuvuzela at the final draw for the 2010 World Cup

The vuvuzela came to international attention during the run-up to the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, both hosted in South Africa. The world football governing body, FIFA, expressed concerns that hooligans could use the instrument as a weapon and that businesses could place advertisements on vuvuzelas. However the South African Football Association (SAFA) made a presentation that vuvuzelas were essential for an authentic South African football experience, and FIFA decided in July 2008 to allow vuvuzelas at Confederations Cup. President of FIFA Sepp Blatter opposed banning the vuvuzela, saying "We should not try to Europeanise an African World Cup." FIFA ultimately decided to allow the instrument for the 2010 World Cup as well, except for vuvuzelas longer than one metre.

Some football commentators, players, and international audiences argued against the vuvuzela during the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. During the match between United States and Italy, BBC Sport commentator Lee Dixon referred to the sounds as "quite irritating".

2010 FIFA World Cup

During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Hyundai and a local South African advertising agency called Jupiter Drawing Room created the largest working vuvuzela in the world—114英尺（35米） long—on an unfinished flyover road in Cape Town. The vuvuzela is powered by several air horns attached at the "mouthpiece" end, and it will be blown at the beginning of each of the World Cup matches.

Controversy

As an annoyance during matches

After the Confederations Cup FIFA received complaints from multiple European broadcasters who wanted it banned for the 2010 FIFA World Cup because the sound drowns out the commentators. Prior to the event Netherlands coach Bert van Marwijk and Spanish midfielder Xabi Alonso also called for a ban, the latter saying the horns make it hard for players to communicate and concentrate while adding nothing to the atmosphere.

On 13 June 2010, the BBC reported that the South African organising chief Danny Jordaan was considering a ban of the vuvuzela during matches. Jordaan noted that "if there are grounds to do so, yes [they will be gotten rid of]" and that "if any land on the pitch in anger we will take action."

During the event many competitors have criticised and complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns, including France's Patrice Evra who blamed the horns for the team's poor performance. He also claimed that the sound of the vuvuzelas away from the stadiums hampered the ability of the players to get their rest. Other critics include Lionel Messi who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampered communication among players on the pitch, and broadcasting companies, who complained that commentators' voices were being drowned out by the sound. Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo went on record to state that the sound of the vuvuzelas disturbed the teams' concentration.

Others watching on television have complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out. A spokesperson for the ESPN network said it was taking steps to minimize the noise of the vuvuzelas on its broadcasts. There are some that see their use during the performance of the national anthems as disrespectful. Other critics have also noted that it is seen as disrespectful to be "dismissive of the cultures of the guest team supporters".

During the opening ceremony the announcer had to ask fans using vuvuzelas to be quiet as he could not be heard.

Television viewers in UK are being offered 45 minute mp3 download clips to cancel out the noise of the vuvuzelas during broadcast television matches by means of "active noise control".

In support of the vuvuzela

However other commentators have defended the vuvuzela as being an integral and unique part of South African football culture and say it adds to the atmosphere of the game. BBC sports commentator Farayi Mungazi said the sound of the horn was the "recognised sound of football in South Africa" and is "absolutely essential for an authentic South African footballing experience". He also said there was no point in taking the world cup to Africa and then "trying to give it a European feel". The Daily Telegraph's chief sports reporter Paul Kelso described critics of the vuvuzela as "killjoys" and said they should "stop moaning".

President of FIFA Sepp Blatter recently twitted "To answer all your messages re the vuvuzelas. I have always said that Africa has a different rhythm, a different sound. I don't see banning the music traditions of fans in their own country. Would you want to see a ban on the fan traditions in your country?"

Use outside football games

Vuvuzelas also began to be blown at other locations, leading to a ban by some shopping centres. Some World Cup football players complained that they were being awoken in their hotel rooms by the instruments. Demand for earplugs to protect from hearing loss during the World Cup outstripped supply, with many pharmacies running out of stock. Neil van Schalkwyk, inventor of the plastic vuvuzela, began selling earplugs to fans.

See also

• Makarapa
• Portable or personal air horns

External links

• Promotional film for World Cup Mexico 86 - Mexican plastic trumpets are shown - YouTube
• Vuvuzela sound measurements South African Medical Journal, April 2010

zh:嗡嗡祖拉