美国旧西部

美国旧西部

约1887年的一个美国西部牛仔
日期	1607–1912 (领土扩张) 1865–1890 (Archetypal Old West Period)
地点	美国（现时） 以下按历史时序上并吞并/并购/同化的次序排列: 十三殖民地 新瑞典 新尼德兰 新法兰西 佛蒙特共和国 法属路易斯安那 鲁珀特地（达科他地区） 大苏族国 西属佛罗里达 印第安领地 Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma Cherokee Nation Chickasaw Nation Muscogee Creek Nation 塞米诺尔人 德克萨斯共和国 俄勒冈邦 墨西哥割让地 加利福尼亚共和国 新墨西哥 盖兹登 俄属北美 夏威夷共和国

美国西部拓荒时代（英语：American frontier）、美国旧西部（英语：American Old West）或狂野西部（英语：Wild West）是指美国领土扩张时期，美国西部的历史、地理、居民、文化等多元内涵的呈现。这段时间从17世纪初的英国美洲殖民地时期到1912年建立最后一个美国本土的州亚利桑那州为止。

美国领土地图

• 
  1789年时的美国领土
• 
  1845–46年时的美国领土
• 
  1884–89年时的美国领土
• 
  1912年时的美国领土

延伸阅读

国势研究

• Billington, Ray Allen, and Martin Ridge. Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (5th ed. 2001); 892 pp; textbook with 160 –pp of detailed annotated bibliographies older edition online; also online 2001 abridged edition to borrow
• Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western frontier, 1830–1860 (1962), Wide-ranging scholarly survey; online free
• Clark, Thomas D. The rampaging frontier: Manners and humors of pioneer days in the South and the Middle West (1939).
• Deverell, William, ed. A Companion to the American West (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2004); 572 pp excerpt and text search
• Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers (1st ed. 1967); 234 pp; textbook covering pre-Columbian era through the mid-twentieth century
• Heard, J. Norman. Handbook of the American Frontier (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers 1: The Southeastern Woodlands, 2: The Northeastern Woodlands, 3: The Great Plains, 4: The Far West and vol. 5: Chronology, Bibliography, Index. Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
• Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History (Yale University Press, 2000). 576 pp.; textbook
• Josephy, Alvin. The American heritage book of the pioneer spirit (1965)
• Lamar, Howard, ed. The New Encyclopedia of the American West (1998); this is a revised version of Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West ed. by Howard Lamar (1977)
• Michno, F. Gregory. Encyclopedia of Indian wars: Western battles and skirmishes 1850–1890. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 2009. ISBN 978-0878424689. 
• Milner, Clyde, Carol O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss, eds. The Oxford History of the American West (1994) long essays by scholars; online free
• Paxson, Frederic Logan. History of the American frontier, 1763–1893 (1924), an old survey by leading authority; Pulitzer Prize
• Paxson, Frederic Logan. The Last American Frontier (1910) online free
• Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, ed. Settlers of the American West: The Lives of 231 Notable Pioneers, (2015) McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0786497355
• Utley, Robert M. The Story of The West (2003)
• White, Richard. "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (1991), textbook focused on the post-1890 far west

土地政策

• Gates, Paul W. "An overview of American land policy". Agricultural History (1976): 213–29. in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Gates, Paul W. "Homesteading in the High Plains". Agricultural History (1977): 109–33. in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Otto, John Solomon. The Southern Frontiers, 1607–1860: The Agricultural Evolution of the Colonial and Antebellum South (ABC-CLIO, 1989).
• Swierenga, Robert P. "Land Speculation and Its Impact on American Economic Growth and Welfare: A Historiographical Review". Western Historical Quarterly (1977) 8#3 pp: 283–302. in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Unruh, John David. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860 (1993)
• Van Atta, John R. Securing the West: Politics, Public Lands, and the Fate of the Old Republic, 1785–1850 (2014) xiii + 294 pp. online review （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Wishart, David J. (编). Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press. 2004. ISBN 0803247877. 

历史学论

• Billington, Ray Allen. America's Frontier Heritage (1984), a favorable analysis of Turner's theories about social sciences and historiography online
• Etulain, Richard W., "Clio's Disciples on the Rio Grande: Western History at the University of New Mexico", New Mexico Historical Review 87 (Summer 2012), 277–98.
• Etulain, Richard W. (编). Writing Western History: Essays On Major Western Historians. U. of Nevada Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0874175172. 
• Hurtado, Albert L., "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism", Western Historical Quarterly, (Spring 2013) 44#1 pp. 5–20.
• Lewis, David Rich. "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in A Companion to the American West ed. by William Deverell (2004) pp: 143–161. online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Limerick, Patricia. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (1987), attacks Turner and promotes the New Western History
• Smith, Stacey L. "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction", Journal of the Civil War Era (Dec 2016) 6#4 pp. 566–91. doi:10.1353/cwe.2016.0073 excerpt （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Spackman, S. G. F. "The Frontier and Reform in the United States." Historical Journal 13#2 (1970): 333–39. online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
• Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." The History Teacher, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56., online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
• Witschi, Nicolas S. (编). A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West. John Wiley & Sons. 2011. ISBN 978-1444396577. 

图片集合

• Brégent-Heald Dominique. "Primitive Encounters: Film and Tourism in the North American West", Western Historical Quarterly (2007) 38#1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 47–67 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• Etulain, Richard W. Re-imagining the Modern American West: A Century of Fiction, History, and Art (1996)
• Hausladen, Gary J. Western Places, American Myths: How We Think About The West. U. of Nevada Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0874176629. 
• Hyde, Anne Farrar. An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture, 1820–1920 (New York University Press, 1993)
• Mitchell, Lee Clark. Westerns: Making the Man in Fiction and Film. U. of Chicago Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0226532356. 
• Prown, Jules David, Nancy K. Anderson, and William Cronon, eds. Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West (1994)
• Rothman, Hal K. Devil's Bargains: Tourism and the Twentieth-Century American West (University of Kansas Press, 1998)
• Slotkin, Richard. The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890. University of Oklahoma Press. 1998. 
• Slotkin, Richard. Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Press. 1960. 
• Smith, Henry Nash. Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1950.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Tompkins, Jane. West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns. Oxford University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0195073058.  含有内容需登入查看的页面 (link)
• Wrobel, David M. Global West, American Frontier: Travel, Empire, and Exceptionalism from Manifest Destiny to the Great Depression (University of New Mexico Press, 2013) 312 pp.; evaluates European and American travelers' accounts

一手资料

• Phillips, Ulrich B. Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources. Two volumes. (1909). vol 1 & 2 online
• Still, Bayrd, ed. The West; contemporary records of America's expansion across the continent, 1607-1890 (1961) online
• Watts, Edward, and David Rachels, eds. The First West: Writing from the American Frontier, 1776–1860 (Oxford UP, 2002), 960 pp; primary sources' long excerpts from 59 authors; excerpt （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• California Gold Rush, from PBS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 1860s and 1870s from PBS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 1880s from PBS （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• "Closing the Frontier", from U California （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

学术文章

• Full text of all articles in Western Historical Quarterly, 1972 to present
• Great Plains Quarterly Table of contents, 1981 to present （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; 2014 to present online articles （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参见

• 美国西部