守夜人国家

守夜人国家（英语：night-watchman state）是一种国家形式，其以小政府为特点。在守夜人国家，政府的唯一角色就是透过军队、警察、法院来确保每位公民皆在遵守互不侵犯原则，以让他们免受侵略、偷窃、违约、诈骗、财产法的干预。推广它的人统称为小政府主义者（minarchists）^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]。

此一类型的政体跟美国自由意志主义、客观主义、右派自由意志主义等政治理念密切相关，不过无政府主义者以外的自由意志社会主义者及左翼自由意志主义者同样会支持小政府主义^[5]^[6]。一些无政府主义者及左翼自由意志主义者相信社会安全网对于工人阶级而言只是短期的目标。长远而言一旦国家及资本主义被推翻，那么就不需要之。故此亦同样支持建立最小限度的福利国家^[7]^[8]。另外一些左翼自由意志主义者认为在废除社会福利保障之前，应先废除公司福利（英语：Corporate welfare）^[9]。

罗伯特·诺齐克在《无政府、国家与乌托邦》（1974）中支持建立守夜人国家，使得此一概念变得普及起来^[10]。历史学家查尔斯·汤森德形容，19世纪的英国是守夜人国家的典范^[11]。

词源

1862年，德国社会主义者斐迪南·拉萨尔在柏林发表的一篇演讲中首次用到了守夜人国家（德语：Nachtwächterstaat）一词。他于当中批评了“资产阶级自由主义小政府国家”的无所作为，就像守夜人一样只是为了防止其他人盗取财产而存在。很快，此一用词就被用于形容资本主义政府。相关情况在自由主义开始用于代指更为参与社会事务的国家后也没有改变^[12]。

路德维希·冯·米塞斯于后来评论指，即使拉萨尔想令小政府看上去荒唐可笑，但没什么比起需要虑及“如何制作酸菜、裤扣及出版报纸”的政府更为可笑荒谬^[13]。

推广它的人统称为小政府主义者（minarchists）。“minarchists”是“minimum”跟“-archy”的混成词。Arche（/ˈɑːrki/; 古希腊语：ἀρχή）是希腊语用词，意指“首位、权力”、“统治方法”、“帝王、王国”、“权威”、“命令” ^[14]。小政府主义者一词为塞缪尔·爱德华·康金三世（英语：Samuel Edward Konkin III）于1980年所创^[15]。

理念

一般来说，小政府主义者认为只有在逻辑上坚守互不侵犯原则的国家，才能够被证成^[16]^[1]^[3]。他们认为无政府资本主义是不切实际的，因为在这样的一个社会执法者之间是容许竞争的，不足以使人遵守互不侵犯原则^[17]。另一个反对无政府资本主义的常见理由就是，私人辩护公司和法院公司往往会偏袒付钱给他们的人的利益^[18]。

一些小政府主义者认为国家会无可避免地继续存在，故此任何尝试建立无国家社会的努力都是徒劳无功的^[19]。罗伯特·诺齐克在《无政府、国家与乌托邦》（1974）中推广了守夜人国家此一概念，并认为它提供了一个基本框架，以让尊重个人基本权利的政治制度能够跟从，令国家的存在能够被道德证成^[10]^[20]。

参见

参考资料

注释

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Peikoff, Leonard (2011-03-07). "What role should certain specific governments play in Objectivist government?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Peikoff.com. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
^ 顾朝林. 中国城镇化中的 “放权” 和 “地方化” (PDF). 城市与环境研究. 2015, (3): 18 [2022-12-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-12-11）. 必然选择小政府（Minarchism）的配置模式
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Peikoff, Leonard. Interview with Yaron Brook on economic issues in today's world (Part 1). Peikoff.com. 2011-10-03 [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-12）.
^ 程世嘉. 寫在唐鳳上任前：台灣現在最嚴重的是系統性問題. INSIDE. 2016-08-26 [2022-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-11）.
^ Hain, Peter (2000). "Rediscovering our libertarian roots". Chartist. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 2020-02-01.
^ Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641^{[永久失效链接]}. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State." ISBN 978-1604860641.
^ Chomsky Replies to Multiple Questions About Anarchism. Z Magazine. ZCommunications. [2011-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）. Anarchists propose other measures to deal with these problems, without recourse to state authority. [...] Social democrats and anarchists always agreed, fairly generally, on so-called 'welfare state measures'.
^ McKay, Iain (编). J.5 What alternative social organisations do anarchists create?. An Anarchist FAQ II. Stirling: AK Press. 2012 [2020-05-23]. ISBN 978-1-849351-22-5. OCLC 182529204. （原始内容存档于2020-07-06）.
^ Richman, Sheldon (2011-02-03). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal". The American Conservative. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 2012-03-05. "[Left-libertarians] prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised."
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books. 1974. ISBN 978-0-465-09720-3.
^ Townshend, Charles. The Oxford History of Modern War. Oxford University Press. 2000: 14—15. ISBN 0-19-285373-2. Britain, however, with its strong tradition of minimal government — the 'night-watchman state' — vividly illustrated the speed of the shift [during World War I] from normalcy to drastic and all-embracing wartime powers like those contained in the Defence of the Realm Act.
^ Sawer, Marian (2003). The Ethical State?: Social Liberalism in Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 87 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. ISBN 0-522-85082-0. ISBN 978-0-522-85082-6.
^ Von Mises, Ludwig (1927) [1922]. Liberalism. p. 37 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
^ Ἀρχή Archy [Archy]. A Greek-English Lexicon. [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-27）.
^ Konkin III, Samuel Edward (1980). New Libertarian Manifesto. p. 9.
^ 引用错误：没有为名为Gregory的参考文献提供内容
^ Long, Roderick T.; Machan, Tibor R. (编). Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?. Ashgate Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8.
^ Holcombe, Randall G. Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable (PDF). The Independent Review. 2004 [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-29）.
^ Emmett, Ross B. Frank H. Knight in Iowa City, 1919–1928. Emerald Group Publishing. 12 August 2011. ISBN 978-1-78052-008-7.
^ Gordon, David. 存档副本. Hamowy, Ronald (编). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute: 332–334. 2008 [2020-05-23]. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n204. （原始内容存档于2020-09-30）. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)

书刊

Machan, Tibor R. (December 2002). "Anarchism and Minarchism. A Rapprochement". Journal des Economists et des Estudes Humaines. 14 (4): 569–588.
Nozick, Robert (1974). Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York City: Basic Books.
Ostrowski, Marius S. (2014). "Towards libertarian welfarism: protecting agency in the night-watchman state". Journal of Political Ideologies. 13 (1): 107–128.
Wolff, Jonathan (1991). Robert Nozick: Property, Justice, and the Minimal State. Cambridge, England: Polity Press.

外部链接

Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country? by Roderick T. Long and Tibor R. Machan
"Market Anarchism as Constitutionalism"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Roderick T. Long
"Chaos Theory: Two Essays on Market Anarchy"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Robert P. Murphy
Robert Nozick and the Immaculate Conception of the State（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Murray Rothbard

[Peikoff-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Peikoff, Leonard (2011-03-07). "What role should certain specific governments play in Objectivist government?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Peikoff.com. Retrieved 2020-01-02.

[2] 顾朝林. 中国城镇化中的 “放权” 和 “地方化” (PDF). 城市与环境研究. 2015, (3): 18 [2022-12-11]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-12-11）. 必然选择小政府（Minarchism）的配置模式

[Peikoff_Part_1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Peikoff, Leonard. Interview with Yaron Brook on economic issues in today's world (Part 1). Peikoff.com. 2011-10-03 [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-12）.

[4] 程世嘉. 寫在唐鳳上任前：台灣現在最嚴重的是系統性問題. INSIDE. 2016-08-26 [2022-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-11）.

[5] Hain, Peter (2000). "Rediscovering our libertarian roots". Chartist. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 2020-02-01.

[6] Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641^{[永久失效链接]}. "Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State." ISBN 978-1604860641.

[7] Chomsky Replies to Multiple Questions About Anarchism. Z Magazine. ZCommunications. [2011-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-29）. Anarchists propose other measures to deal with these problems, without recourse to state authority. [...] Social democrats and anarchists always agreed, fairly generally, on so-called 'welfare state measures'.

[8] McKay, Iain (编). J.5 What alternative social organisations do anarchists create?. An Anarchist FAQ II. Stirling: AK Press. 2012 [2020-05-23]. ISBN 978-1-849351-22-5. OCLC 182529204. （原始内容存档于2020-07-06）.

[9] Richman, Sheldon (2011-02-03). "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal". The American Conservative. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved 2012-03-05. "[Left-libertarians] prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised."

[Nozick_1974-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books. 1974. ISBN 978-0-465-09720-3.

[11] Townshend, Charles. The Oxford History of Modern War. Oxford University Press. 2000: 14—15. ISBN 0-19-285373-2. Britain, however, with its strong tradition of minimal government — the 'night-watchman state' — vividly illustrated the speed of the shift [during World War I] from normalcy to drastic and all-embracing wartime powers like those contained in the Defence of the Realm Act.

[12] Sawer, Marian (2003). The Ethical State?: Social Liberalism in Australia. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 87 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. ISBN 0-522-85082-0. ISBN 978-0-522-85082-6.

[13] Von Mises, Ludwig (1927) [1922]. Liberalism. p. 37 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

[14] Ἀρχή Archy [Archy]. A Greek-English Lexicon. [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-27）.

[15] Konkin III, Samuel Edward (1980). New Libertarian Manifesto. p. 9.

[Gregory-16] 引用错误：没有为名为Gregory的参考文献提供内容

[17] Long, Roderick T.; Machan, Tibor R. (编). Anarchism/Minarchism: Is a Government Part of a Free Country?. Ashgate Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7546-6066-8.

[18] Holcombe, Randall G. Government: Unnecessary but Inevitable (PDF). The Independent Review. 2004 [2020-01-02]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-29）.

[19] Emmett, Ross B. Frank H. Knight in Iowa City, 1919–1928. Emerald Group Publishing. 12 August 2011. ISBN 978-1-78052-008-7.

[20] Gordon, David. 存档副本. Hamowy, Ronald (编). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute: 332–334. 2008 [2020-05-23]. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n204. （原始内容存档于2020-09-30）. |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)

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