社会情绪

社会情绪（英语：Social emotions）指那些取决于其他人的思想、感情、行动的情绪，并且社会情绪是“个人经验、预期、预想的前期第一手资料^[1]^[2] ”，常见的社会情绪包括：尴尬、内疚、羞耻、嫉妒、同情、骄傲等^[3] 。相比之下，幸福、悲伤这种个体自身能够独自产生而不用其他社会互动参与的基本情绪，就不是社会情绪。因此，社会情绪的发展与个体的社会认知紧密相关，通常从青春期开始，人类开始有能力设想其他人的精神或心理状态^[4]^[5] 。过去的研究发现，儿童大概在2至3岁，就可以开始表达像内疚^[6] 和悔恨^[7]般的情感。而五岁的儿童能够在当下的情况中预想可能会出现的基本情绪，但描述这种预想的能力在七岁以前可能不会出现^[8]。

人们不仅可以与他人分享情感，而且当他们感觉到与他人有社会联系感，也可能会经历到一种与他人类似情感反应的生理唤醒。Cwir、Car、 Walton与Spencer的一个实验室研究表明，当参与者感觉到陌生人的社会联系感，其观察陌生人执行压力任务的时，会经历与陌生人相似的情绪状态和生理反应^[9]。

社会情绪有时被称作道德情感，因为其在道德和道义决策上发挥重要的作用^[10]。在神经经济学的研究中，社会情绪对赛局理论和经济决策的影响作用正开始起步^[11]。

社会或道德方面

一些社会情绪也被称为道德情绪，因为他们发挥了一些道德的基本作用。比如一个人会因为自己的不当行为而感受到罪恶感与后悔^[12]。这些是社会情绪，并且通常是透过伤害另一个人所造成的。在道德上。这些情绪也扮演著重要的角色，人会因为这些情绪而感到痛心和内疚，并愿意承担造成过失的责任，同时可能会产生补偿或是惩罚自我的欲望^[13]。

不是所有的社会情绪都是道德情绪，例如骄傲是一个社会情绪，其中涉及他人的钦佩感，但骄傲在道德中通常被视作一种有问题的情绪。

同理反应

艾森伯格等人将同理心定义为一种情感反应，其源于对他人情绪状态或状况的理解，并且了解他人的感受或期望^[14] 。内疚是一种具有强烈道德意蕴的社会情感，也与同理反应强烈相关，羞耻则是一种道德感较少的情绪，内疚与同理反应呈负相关。

感知控制也在调节社会情绪反应和同理反应上有重要的影响作用^[15]。耻辱也能引起同理反应，当耻辱被视为不可控制时（即不可改变的）容易引起同理反应，当耻辱是可控制时（即某种可改变行为引起的，像是某些因个人行为失控导致的肥胖）则相反^[16]。

参见

参考文献

^ Hareli, Shlomo; Parkinson, Brian. What’s Social About Social Emotions? (PDF). research.haifa.ac.il. [6 January 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-21）.
^ Bernett, Stephanie; Geoffrey Bird; Jorge Moll; Chris Frith; Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. September 2009, 21 (9): 1736–50 [16 March 2012]. PMID 18823226. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21121. （原始内容存档于2020-07-23）.
^ Lewis, Michael. Shame: the exposed self. New York: Free Press;, 1992. 19. Print.
^ Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. New York, USA: Basic Books.
^ Wainryb, C.; Shaw, L. A.; Maianu, C. Tolerance and intolerance: Children's and adolescents' judgments of dissenting beliefs, speech, persons, and conduct. Child Development. 1998, 69 (6): 1541–1555. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06176.x.
^ Zahn-Waxler C, Robinson J. 1995. Empathy and guilt: early origins of feelings of responsibility. In Self-Conscious Emotions ed. JP Tangney, KW Fischer, pp. 143–73. New York: Guilford
^ Stipek, Deborah J; J. Heidi Gralinski; Claire B. Kopp. Self-concept development in the toddler years. Developmental Psychology. Nov 1990, 26 (6): 972–977. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.972.
^ Harris, P.L; Olthof, K.; Terwogt, M. M.; Hardman, C. C. Children's Knowledge of the Situations that Provoke Emotion. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 3. September 1987, 10 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1177/016502548701000304.
^ Cwir, David; Carr, Priyanka B.; Walton, Gregory M.; Spencer, Steven J. Your heart makes my heart move: Cues of social connectedness cause shared emotions and physiological states among strangers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011-05, 47 (3): 661–664 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 0022-1031. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.01.009. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.
^ Eisenberg, N. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology. 2000, 51: 665–697 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 10751984. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.
^ Sanfey, Alan G.; Rilling, James K.; Aronson, Jessica A.; Nystrom, Leigh E.; Cohen, Jonathan D. The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2003-06-13, 300 (5626): 1755–1758 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12805551. doi:10.1126/science.1082976. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.
^ Ferguson TJ, Stegge H. 1998. Measuring guilt in children: a rose by any other name still has thorns. In Guilt and Children, ed. J Bybee, pp. 19–74. San Diego: Academic
^ Tangney, June P. Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1 January 1991, 61 (4): 598–607. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.598.
^ Eisenberg, Nancy; Fabes, Richard A.; Murphy, Bridget; Karbon, Mariss; et al. The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1 January 1994, 66 (4): 776–797. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776.
^ Weiner, Bernard. Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions : an attributional approach. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2006. ISBN 141061574X. OCLC 70804062.
^ Weiner, Bernard; Perry, Raymond P.; Magnusson, Jamie. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988, 55 (5): 738–748 [2020-09-15]. ISSN 1939-1315. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.738. （原始内容存档于2018-06-08）（英语）.

[1] Hareli, Shlomo; Parkinson, Brian. What’s Social About Social Emotions? (PDF). research.haifa.ac.il. [6 January 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-21）.

[2] Bernett, Stephanie; Geoffrey Bird; Jorge Moll; Chris Frith; Sarah-Jayne Blakemore. Development during Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. September 2009, 21 (9): 1736–50 [16 March 2012]. PMID 18823226. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21121. （原始内容存档于2020-07-23）.

[3] Lewis, Michael. Shame: the exposed self. New York: Free Press;, 1992. 19. Print.

[4] Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolescence. New York, USA: Basic Books.

[5] Wainryb, C.; Shaw, L. A.; Maianu, C. Tolerance and intolerance: Children's and adolescents' judgments of dissenting beliefs, speech, persons, and conduct. Child Development. 1998, 69 (6): 1541–1555. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06176.x.

[6] Zahn-Waxler C, Robinson J. 1995. Empathy and guilt: early origins of feelings of responsibility. In Self-Conscious Emotions ed. JP Tangney, KW Fischer, pp. 143–73. New York: Guilford

[7] Stipek, Deborah J; J. Heidi Gralinski; Claire B. Kopp. Self-concept development in the toddler years. Developmental Psychology. Nov 1990, 26 (6): 972–977. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.972.

[Harris-8] Harris, P.L; Olthof, K.; Terwogt, M. M.; Hardman, C. C. Children's Knowledge of the Situations that Provoke Emotion. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 3. September 1987, 10 (3): 319–343. doi:10.1177/016502548701000304.

[9] Cwir, David; Carr, Priyanka B.; Walton, Gregory M.; Spencer, Steven J. Your heart makes my heart move: Cues of social connectedness cause shared emotions and physiological states among strangers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011-05, 47 (3): 661–664 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 0022-1031. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.01.009. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.

[10] Eisenberg, N. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology. 2000, 51: 665–697 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 0066-4308. PMID 10751984. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.

[11] Sanfey, Alan G.; Rilling, James K.; Aronson, Jessica A.; Nystrom, Leigh E.; Cohen, Jonathan D. The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2003-06-13, 300 (5626): 1755–1758 [2018-10-02]. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12805551. doi:10.1126/science.1082976. （原始内容存档于2018-10-02）.

[12] Ferguson TJ, Stegge H. 1998. Measuring guilt in children: a rose by any other name still has thorns. In Guilt and Children, ed. J Bybee, pp. 19–74. San Diego: Academic

[Tangney-13] Tangney, June P. Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1 January 1991, 61 (4): 598–607. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.598.

[14] Eisenberg, Nancy; Fabes, Richard A.; Murphy, Bridget; Karbon, Mariss; et al. The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1 January 1994, 66 (4): 776–797. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.776.

[15] Weiner, Bernard. Social motivation, justice, and the moral emotions : an attributional approach. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2006. ISBN 141061574X. OCLC 70804062.

[16] Weiner, Bernard; Perry, Raymond P.; Magnusson, Jamie. An attributional analysis of reactions to stigmas.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988, 55 (5): 738–748 [2020-09-15]. ISSN 1939-1315. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.5.738. （原始内容存档于2018-06-08）（英语）.

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