马雅石碑

卡拉克穆尔的编号51石柱，估建于西元731年；它是该城保存最好的石柱遗迹，上则描绘著国王Took' K'awiil。^[1]

位在宏都拉斯科潘的编号H石柱，属深浮雕的圆雕雕塑。

马雅石碑是古中部美洲马雅文明所遗留下来的遗迹。遗迹包括雕刻精美的高大石柱，底部通常设有圆形石盘，实际功能不明。

引用

^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.113.

参考资料

Andres, Christopher R.; K. Ann Pyburn. Out of Sight: The Postclassic and Early Colonial Periods at Chau Hix, Belize. Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (编). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 2005: 402–423. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.
Andrews, E. Wyllys; William L. Fash. Issues in Copán Archaeology. E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (编). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe, New Mexico and Oxford, UK: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd. 2005: 395–425. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.
Awe, Jaime. Cahal Pech Stela 9: A Preclassic Monument from the Belize Valley. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology (Belmopan, Belize: Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History). 2009, 6: 179–189. OCLC 723552322.
Borowicz, James. Images of Power and the Power of Images: Early Classic Iconographic Programs of the Carved Monuments of Tikal. Geoffrey E. Braswell (编). The Maya and Teotihuacan: Reinterpreting Early Classic Interaction. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 2003: 217–234. ISBN 0-292-70587-5. OCLC 49936017.
Cassier, Jacques; Alain Ichon. Las Esculturas de Abaj Takalik. Anales de la Academía de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala:1981 enero a diciembre (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Academía de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala). 1981, LV: 23–49. ISSN 0252-337X. OCLC 8623842 （西班牙语）.
Chang Lam, Elsa. J.P. Laporte; S. Villagrán; H. Escobedo; D. de González; J. Valdés , 编. Las esculturas de Takʼalik Abʼaj y sus nuevos descubrimientos – 1988 (PDF). II Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1988 (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología). 1991: 19–28 [2010-12-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
Chocón, Jorge E.; Juan Pedro Laporte. La ciudad de Machaquila en el municipio de Poptun. (PDF). Reporte 16, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 1–31. 2002 [2010-12-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
Clark Wernecke, Daniel. A Stone Canvas: Interpreting Maya Building Materials and Construction Technology (PDF). Austin, Texas: University of Texas. 2005 [2010-12-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-10-19）.
Coe, Michael D. The Maya. Ancient peoples and places series 6th edition, fully revised and expanded. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-28066-5. OCLC 59432778.
Coe, William R. A Summary of Excavation and Research at Tikal, Guatemala: 1956–61. American Antiquity (Washington, D.C.: Society for American Archaeology). April 1962, 27 (4): 479–507. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 277674. OCLC 1479302. S2CID 222440409. doi:10.2307/277674.
Coe, William R. Tikal: Guía de las Antiguas Ruinas Mayas. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Piedra Santa. 1988 [1967]. ISBN 84-8377-246-9. OCLC 21460472 （西班牙语）.
Coggins, Clemency Chase. Archaeology and the Art Market (PDF). Lubbock, Texas: Museum of Texas Tech University. 1972 [2010-12-12]. ^{[永久失效链接]}
Cohodas, Marvin. Ballgame Imagery of the Maya Lowlands: History and Iconography. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 251–288. ISBN 0-8165-1360-0. OCLC 51873028.
Corzo, Lilian A. Museo Regional del Sureste de Petén: Catálogo del material en exhibición. (PDF). Reporte 19, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 724–796. 2005 [2010-12-12]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-11-12）（西班牙语）.
Crasborn, José. Juan Pedro LaPorte; Bárbara Arroyo; Héctor E. Mejía , 编. La obsidiana de Takʼalik Abʼaj en contextos ceremoniales (PDF). XVIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2004 (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología). 2005: 695–705 [2010-12-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
Demarest, Arthur A. The Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Maya Collapse. Vanderbilt Institute of Mesoamerican Archaeology series, vol. 1. Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8265-1520-9. OCLC 63178772.
Drew, David. The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1999. ISBN 0-297-81699-3. OCLC 43401096.
Estrada-Belli, Francisco. The First Maya Civilization: Ritual and Power Before the Classic Period. Abingdon, UK and New York, US: Routledge. 2011. ISBN 978-0-415-42994-8. OCLC 614990197.
Fash, William L.; Ricardo Agurcia Fasquelle. Contributions and Controversies in the Archaeology and History of Copán. E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (编). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press. 2005: 3–32. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 474837429.
Fox, John W. Quiche Conquest: Centralism and Regionalism in Highland Guatemalan State Development. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. 1978: 162–166. ISBN 0-8263-0461-3. OCLC 3869407.
Fuente, Beatriz de la; Leticia Staines Cicero; Alfonso Arellano Hernández. Art: Sentries of Eternity. A. Arellano Hernández; et al (编). The Mayas of the Classic Period. Mexico City, Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA). 1999: 141–226. ISBN 970-18-3005-9. OCLC 42213077.
Hansen, Richard D. J.P. Laporte; S. Villagrán; H. Escobedo; D. de González; J. Valdés , 编. Resultados preliminares de las investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio Nakbe, Petén, Guatemala. (PDF). II Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1988. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 163–178. 1991 [2010-12-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
Hoíl Heredia, Melitón. Monografía Municipio de Dolores, Petén. Flores, Guatemala: El Portal de Petén. 2008 [2010-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-20）（西班牙语）.
Hughes, William J. United States v. Hollinshead: A New Leap in Extraterritorial Application of Criminal Laws. Hastings International and Comparative Law Review (San Francisco, California: Hastings College of the Law). 1977, 1 (1): 149–171 [2010-12-27]. ISSN 0149-9246. OCLC 3424187.
INAH (1). Zona Arqueológica de Yaxchilán. Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. [2010-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-14）（西班牙语）.
INAH (2). Museo de sitio de Toniná. Mexico City, Mexico: Artes e Historia México. [2010-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-14）（西班牙语）.
INAH (3). Guía Oficial: Museo Nacional de Antropología. Mexico City, Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia/Salvat Editores de México. 1998 [1987]. ISBN 968-32-0370-1. OCLC 651462615 （西班牙语）.
Justeson, John S.; Peter Mathews. The Seating of the tun: Further Evidence Concerning a Late Preclassic Lowland Maya Stela Cult. American Antiquity (Washington, D: Society for American Archaeology). July 1983, 48 (3): 586–593. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280565. S2CID 163798340. doi:10.2307/280565.
Kelly, Joyce. An Archaeological Guide to Northern Central America: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2858-5. OCLC 34658843.
Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres. Reconocimiento en Ixkun, Dolores. (PDF). Reporte 1, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 11–25. 1988 [2010-12-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
Laporte, Juan Pedro. Lutz, Christopher H , 编. Los sitios arqueológicos del valle de Dolores en las montañas mayas de Guatemala. Mesoamerica (Antigua, Guatemala: CIRMA (Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica)). December 1992, 13 (24): 413–440. ISSN 0252-9963 （西班牙语）.
Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres. J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. Villagrán , 编. Los señoríos del Sureste de Petén. (PDF). I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 112–134. 1994 [2010-12-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-09-14）（西班牙语）.
Laporte, Juan Pedro; Héctor E. Mejía; Héctor L. Escobedo; Phil Wanyerka. J.P. Laporte; H. Mejía , 编. Los monumentos esculpidos de Ixkun y algunos aspectos históricos del sitio. (PDF). Ixkun, Petén, Guatemala: Exploraciones en una ciudad del alto Mopan, 1985–2005. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala, Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes: 156–217. 2005 [2010-12-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-07）（西班牙语）.
LeCount, Lisa. Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: The Early Classic Period at Actuncan, Cayo District (PDF). Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology (Belmopan, Belize: Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History). 2004, 1: 27–36. OCLC 723552322.
Looper, Matthew G. Lightning Warrior: Maya Art and Kingship at Quirigua. Linda Schele series in Maya and pre-Columbian studies. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 2003. ISBN 0-292-70556-5. OCLC 52208614.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Lords of Creation:Origins of Divine Kings. Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2010-12-23].
Martin, Simon. Ideology and the Early Maya Polity. Loa P. Traxler; Robert J. Sharer (编). The Origin of Maya States. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2016: 507–544 [2017-05-15]. ISBN 9781934536865. OCLC 972610146. （原始内容存档于2020-03-02）.
Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 2000. ISBN 0-500-05103-8. OCLC 47358325.
Miller, Mary. Maya Art and Architecture. London and New York: Thames & Hudson. 1999. ISBN 0-500-20327-X. OCLC 41659173.
Miller, Mary; Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 2003 [1993]. ISBN 0-500-27928-4. OCLC 28801551.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Centro de Visitantes y Museos de Sitio. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. [2010-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-15）（西班牙语）.
Morales, Paulino I. J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo , 编. Patrón de asentamiento de El Chal, Petén: Resultados preliminares. (PDF). VIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1994. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 493–508. 1995 [2010-10-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-11-02）（西班牙语）.
Newsome, Elizabeth A. Precious Stones of Grace: A Theory of the Origin and Meaning of the Classic Maya Stela Cult (PDF). Mesoweb articles. Mesoweb: An Exploration of Mesoamerican Cultures. 1996 [1993] [2010-09-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-06-13）.
Olmedo Vera, Bertina. A. Arellano Hernández; et al , 编. The Mayas of the Classic Period. Mexico: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA). 1999: 9–99. ISBN 970-18-3005-9. OCLC 42213077.
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (1). Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions: Itzimité Stela 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: President and Fellows of Harvard College. [2010-12-23]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (2). Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions: Tonina Monument 101. Cambridge, Massachusetts: President and Fellows of Harvard College. [2010-12-23]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.
Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (3). Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions: Ixkun Stela 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: President and Fellows of Harvard College. [2011-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-21）.
Rivera Dorado, Miguel. El reflejo de la memoria. Notas sobre arte y arqueología (PDF). Revista Española de Antropología Americana (Madrid, Spain: Universidad de Madrid). 1990, (20): 19–34 [2010-12-23]. ISSN 0556-6533. OCLC 149652705. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-12-24）（西班牙语）.
San Diego Museum of Man. Maya Monument Casts from Quirigua, Guatemala. San Diego, California: San Diego Museum of Man. [2010-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-13）.
Schele, Linda; Matthew G. Looper. Seats of Power at Copán. E. Wyllys Andrews; William L. Fash (编). Copán: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Santa Fe, New Mexico and Oxford, UK: School of American Research Press and James Currey Ltd. 2005: 345–372. ISBN 0-85255-981-X. OCLC 56194789.
Schieber de Lavarreda, Christa. J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. Mejía , 编. Una nueva ofrenda en Takʼalik Abʼaj (antes Abaj Takalik): El Entierro 1 (PDF). XVI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2002 (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología). 2003: 784–792 [2010-12-20]. （原始内容 (PDF online edition)存档于2011-09-14）（西班牙语）.
Sharer, Robert J. The Maya Highlands and the Adjacent Pacific Coast. Richard E.W. Adams; Murdo J. Macleod (编). The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000: 449–499. ISBN 0-521-35165-0. OCLC 33359444.
Sharer, Robert J.; Loa P. Traxler. The Ancient Maya 6th (fully revised). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8047-4817-9. OCLC 57577446.
Sharma, Kavita. Notes – From the Mayan Machaquila Stele to Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep's Head: United States Courts' Enforcement of Foreign National Patrimony Laws After United States v. Schultz. Hastings Law Journal (San Francisco, California: Hastings College of the Law). March 2005, 56 (749). ISSN 0017-8322. OCLC 99101483.
Stewart, Daniel Moroni. Parentage Statements and Paired Stelae: Signs of Dynastic Succession for the Classic Maya (PDF) (学位论文). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. 2009 [2016-02-09].
Stuart, David. Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and Representation. RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: President and Fellows of Harvard College acting through the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology). Spring–Autumn 1996, 29–30 (29/30 The Pre-Columbian): 148–171. JSTOR 20166947. S2CID 193661049. doi:10.1086/RESvn1ms20166947.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Tikal: Stone Sculpture. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. October 2001 [2010-12-23].
Tomasic John; Federico Fahsen. J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Escobedo; H. Mejía , 编. Exploraciones y excavaciones preliminares en Tres Islas, Petén. [Preliminary investigation and excavations in Tres Islas, Peten.] (PDF). Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2003 (Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología). 2004, XVII: 794–809 [2012-05-08] （西班牙语）.
UNESCO (1). Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua. Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2010-12-08].
UNESCO (2). Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche. Paris, France: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2010-12-08].
Valdés, Juan Antonio. Management and Conservation of Guatemala's Cultural Heritage: A Challenge to Keep History Alive. Barbara T. Hoffman (编). Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006: 94–99. ISBN 978-0-521-85764-2. OCLC 434442795.
Webster, David L. The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. 2002. ISBN 0-500-05113-5. OCLC 48753878.

[1] Martin & Grube 2000, p.113.

[1]