亮藍FCF
 | 此條目翻譯品質不佳。 (2022年7月7日) |
| 亮藍FCF | |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| IUPAC名 disodium;2-[[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]amino]phenyl]-[4-[ethyl-[(3-sulfonatophenyl)methyl]azaniumylidene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]methyl]benzenesulfonate | |
| 別名 | FD&C Blue No.1 Acid blue 9 D&C Blue No. 4 Alzen Food Blue No. 1 Atracid Blue FG Blue #1 Lake Erioglaucine Eriosky blue Patent Blue AR Xylene Blue VSG C.I. 42090, Basacid Blue 755, Sulfacid Brilliant Blue 5 J, Neolan Blue E-A Brilliant Blue FD |
| 識別 | |
| CAS號 | 3844-45-9 
|
| PubChem | 19700 |
| ChemSpider | 18556 |
| SMILES |
|
| InChI |
|
| InChIKey | SGHZXLIDFTYFHQ-NUQVWONBAU |
| EINECS | 223-339-8 |
| ChEBI | 82411 |
| KEGG | C19352 |
| 性質 | |
| 化學式 | C37H34N2Na2O9S3 |
| 摩爾質量 | 792.85 g/mol g·mol⁻¹ |
| 溶解性（水） | 可溶 |
| 危險性 | |
| NFPA 704 |
 1
2
0
|
| 若非註明，所有數據均出自標準狀態（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。 | |
亮藍FCF（藍色1號）是一種人工合成的有機化合物，主要用作一種藍色的色素給加工食品、藥物、膳食補充劑和化妝品染色。[1]它被分類為一種芳基甲烷染料並且有多個名稱，例如FD&C Blue No. 1或者酸性藍9。它在E編碼中被標號為E133並且在國際顏料索引中被標號為42090。在外觀上，它是一種可溶於水和甘油的藍色粉末狀固體，[2]具有628納米的光吸收波長。它是最早被FDA允許的食用色素之一，並且也被廣泛認為是無毒無害的。[3]
生產[編輯]
亮藍是一種通過對2-甲酰苯磺酸進行縮合反應，然後和適當的苯胺進行氧化合成的染料[4]。它可以與檸檬黃結合，產生深淺不一的綠色。
該化合物常以二鈉鹽的形式出現，其CAS號為[]，其鈣鹽和鉀鹽同樣也被允許使用。另外，它也可以以鋁色淀的形式出現。二鈉鹽的化學式為C37H34N2Na2O9S3。
與其相關的染料有C.I.酸性綠 3（CAS號為[]）以及酸性綠9 (CAS號[])。在這些染料的分子中，2-磺酸基團被分別替換為氫原子和氯原子。[5]
曾有很多人企圖尋找與亮藍顏色相近且更穩定的天然藍色染料。可藍色顏料必須具備很多的化學特徵，比如包含π鍵的形式、芳香環、雜原子和雜環基團、以及離子鍵等等，以便吸收低能量紅光。很多天然藍色染料都不穩定，藍色僅僅能產生於鹼性條件或者有毒物質存在的條件下；含有花色素苷和臭梧桐鹼的衍生物是用於深入研究的良好候選化合物。另外，目前尚未發現任何適合用於飲料的亮藍替代品。 [6]
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應用[編輯]
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像許多其他的食用色素一樣，主要使用的亮藍是用於改正或增強天然着色劑，或者使得無色的化合物產生一種鮮明的顏色[7]。
在美國，有兩種允許使用的藍色染料（一種是亮藍，另外一種是靛藍胭脂紅，或者叫FD&C藍色2號），其中，亮藍的使用最普遍。作為一種藍色染料，亮藍經常被使用於棉花糖、冰淇淋、罐裝食品以及加工豆類、袋裝湯品、瓶裝食用色素、甜筒、冰棒、藍莓味的食品、兒童藥物、日用品、糖果[8]、飲料，尤其是藍色庫拉索酒。它同樣用於肥皂、洗髮水和漱口水[9]，以及其他衛生和化妝品應用。
亮藍也被廣泛用作一種水示蹤劑[10]。由於其可以長期保留顏色的能力，亮藍表現得比其他染料示蹤劑更好。另外，亮藍毒性低，因此對環境有利。然而，亮藍對不同的土壤有不同的影響。亮藍更容易被酸性土壤吸收，由於其分子很大且有離子鍵。土壤成分和流速也會影響亮藍的吸附水平[11]。
大多數飲料含有亮藍，比如蘇打水，它也被用於藍瓶實驗。在這樣的飲料中，染料和還原劑都被混合在同樣的溶液中。當溶液呈藍色時，存在氧氣。如果加入氫氧化鈉，發生了一種除去氧氣的反應，使得溶液變得無色。染料回到藍色狀態時，可以通過旋轉溶液使其再次氧化，空氣中的氧氣作為氧化劑進入到溶液當中[12]。
健康和安全性[編輯]
這種染料很難被胃腸道吸收，所以攝入染料的95% 都可以在糞便中找到。當被塗抹在舌頭或刮過的皮膚上時，亮藍會被直接吸收進血液[13]。
由於其無毒的性質，亮藍被用作生物着色劑。當其溶解於介質中時，被用於給細胞壁、細菌以及真菌細胞染色。另外，這種染料不會抑制任何物種的發育[14]。因為同樣的理由，亮藍也被應用在與凝血有關的醫療設備中。將低濃度以1cm的增量的亮藍置於血貼的背面，以允許外科醫生精確切割並指示作為有效止血劑的血貼的一側，以便正確放置[15]。
另外，其亦為是歐盟和美國批准用於藥物配方的食品着色劑和無藥理活性物質，在其他國家也同樣合法。但是，它具有在患有中度哮喘的個體中誘導過敏反應的能力[16]。2003 年，美國FDA發布了一項公共衛生諮詢，以警告醫療保健用品提供者這種合成染料在腸內餵養溶液中的潛在毒性[17]。 以下對於該染料的法律限制適用於歐盟和其他國家/地區：150–300mg/kg，具體取決於食品類型；食品和藥品的安全限量為0.1mg/日/體重（kg）[18]。 亮藍的一日可接受攝取量為6mg/kg。
生物學研究[編輯]
亮藍FCF及其相似的染料，比如亮藍G，均為嘌呤受體——即引起發炎反應和細胞進程的受體——的阻滯劑。[19]
Scientists who were conducting in-vivo studies of compounds to lessen the severity of inflammation following experimental spinal cord injury had previously tested a compound called OxATP to block a key ATP receptor in spinal neurons. However, OxATP has toxic side effects and must be injected directly into the spinal cord; in searching for alternatives they noted that brilliant blue FCF has a similar structure. This led them to test a related dye, brilliant blue G (also known as Coomassie brilliant blue) in rats, which improved recovery from spinal cord injury while temporarily turning them blue.[20]
When human washed platelets are evaluated using turbidimetry it was found that brilliant blue FCF affects platelet aggregation by blocking the Panx1 channels. These inhibitory effects on collagen-induced shape change and maximal aggregation were shown by high (1 mM) concentrations of the dye but not by lower concentrations (100 μM). The 1 mM effective concentration is 1.59 times greater than the approximately 0.63 mM maximal allowable brilliant blue FCF concentration according to the European Food Safety Authority.[21]
Scientists are performing studies to better understand the effects of brilliant blue FCF during vein graft explantation. Brilliant blue FCF hinders the purinergic receptors, limiting cell proliferation that may lead to intimal hyperplasia. The effects of brilliant blue FCF were tested on rat aortic cells. It was found that brilliant blue FCF had a positive impact in limiting the development of intimal hyperplasia following a vein graft procedure.[22][23]
引用[編輯]
- ^ FD&C Blue 1 (Brilliant Blue). International Association of Color Manufacturers. [2019-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-06）.
- ^ FD&C Blue No. 1: Brilliant Blue FCF Food Dye. culinarylore.com. 2015-08-04 [2019-06-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-24）.
- ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied. Color Additives History. FDA. 2019-03-16 [2019-05-06]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-24）.
- ^ El Ali, Bassam M.; Bassam El Ali; Ali, Mohammad Farahat. Handbook of industrial chemistry: organic chemicals
. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2005. ISBN 978-0-07-141037-3.
- ^ Gessner T, Mayer U. Triarylmethane and Diarylmethane Dyes. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 2002. ISBN 3527306730. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_179.
- ^ Newsome, Andrew G.; Culver, Catherine A.; van Breemen, Richard B. Nature's Palette: The Search for Natural Blue Colorants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2014-07-16, 62 (28): 6498–6511. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 24930897. doi:10.1021/jf501419q.
- ^ Nutrition, Center for Food Safety and Applied. Overview of Food Ingredients, Additives & Colors. FDA. 2019-04-14 [2022-02-26]. （原始內容存檔於2022-07-10） （英語）.
- ^ Nestle Aero packet ingredients listing barcode: 7613031579334
- ^ LISTERINE Antiseptic Mouthwash, Smart Rinse, Whitening, Advanced, Fluoride Rinse, and Tartar Protection Products. Listerine.com. [2009-07-31]. （原始內容存檔於2011-01-02）.
- ^ Flury M, Flühler H. Brilliant Blue FCF as a Dye Tracer for Solute Transport Studies—A Toxicological Overview. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1994, 23 (5): 1108–1112. doi:10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300050037x.
- ^ Allaire SE, Roulier S, Cessna AJ. Quantifying preferential flow in soils: A review of different techniques. Journal of Hydrology. 2009-11-15, 378 (1): 179–204. Bibcode:2009JHyd..378..179A. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.08.013.
- ^ Staiger FA, Peterson JP, Campbell DJ. Variations on the "Blue-Bottle" Demonstration Using Food Items That Contain FD&C Blue #1. Journal of Chemical Education. 2015-10-13, 92 (10): 1684–1686. Bibcode:2015JChEd..92.1684S. doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.5b00190.
- ^ Lucová M, Hojerová J, Pažoureková S, Klimová Z. Absorption of triphenylmethane dyes Brilliant Blue and Patent Blue through intact skin, shaven skin and lingual mucosa from daily life products. Food and Chemical Toxicology. February 2013, 52: 19–27. PMID 23127598. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.027.
porcine tongue dorsum was exposed to human saliva with 15,000 ng/cm2 of dye for 20 min. 24-h diffusion resulted in 34 ng/cm2 of BB and 86 ng/cm2 of PB which can be directly absorbed into the blood system.
- ^ Chau HW, Goh YK, Si BC, Vujanovic V. An innovative brilliant blue FCF method for fluorescent staining of fungi and bacteria. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. August 2011, 86 (4): 280–7. PMID 20560873. S2CID 37175297. doi:10.3109/10520295.2010.492733.
- ^ Lewis KM, Kuntze CE, Gulle H. Control of bleeding in surgical procedures: critical appraisal of HEMOPATCH (Sealing Hemostat). Medical Devices: Evidence and Research. 2015-12-22, 9: 1–10. PMC 4694675
. PMID 26730213. doi:10.2147/mder.s90591 （英語）.
- ^ Weber RW, Hoffman M, Raine DA, Nelson HS. Incidence of bronchoconstriction due to aspirin, azo dyes, non-azo dyes, and preservatives in a population of perennial asthmatics. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. July 1979, 64 (1): 32–7. PMID 447949. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(79)90080-0.
- ^ FD&C Blue No. 1.. Drugs.com. [16 November 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-24）.
- ^ E133. zusatzstoffe-online.de. [2013-11-16]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-27）.
- ^ Ferreira LG, Faria RX, Ferreira NC, Soares-Bezerra RJ. Brilliant Blue Dyes in Daily Food: How Could Purinergic System Be Affected?. International Journal of Food Science. 2016, 2016: 7548498. PMC 5090090 . PMID 27833914. doi:10.1155/2016/7548498 .
- ^ Peng W, Cotrina ML, Han X, Yu H, Bekar L, Blum L, Takano T, Tian GF, Goldman SA, Nedergaard M. Systemic administration of an antagonist of the ATP-sensitive receptor P2X7 improves recovery after spinal cord injury. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. July 2009, 106 (30): 12489–93. PMC 2718350 . PMID 19666625. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902531106 .
- ^ Molica F, Nolli S, Fontana P, Kwak BR. Turbidimetry on Human Washed Platelets: The Effect of the Pannexin1-inhibitor Brilliant Blue FCF on Collagen-induced Aggregation. Journal of Visualized Experiments. April 2017, (122). PMC 5564473 . PMID 28448011. doi:10.3791/55525.
- ^ Osgood MJ, Sexton K, Voskresensky I, Hocking K, Song J, Komalavilas P, Brophy C, Cheung-Flynn J. Use of Brilliant Blue FCF during vein graft preparation inhibits intimal hyperplasia. Journal of Vascular Surgery. August 2016, 64 (2): 471–478. PMC 5480606 . PMID 27763268. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2015.02.028.
- ^ Voskresensky, Igor V.; Wise, Eric S.; Hocking, Kyle M.; Li, Fan Dong; Osgood, Michael J.; Komalavilas, Padmini; Brophy, Colleen; Cheung-Flynn, Joyce. Brilliant Blue FCF as an Alternative Dye for Saphenous Vein Graft Marking: Effect on Conduit Function. JAMA Surgery. 2014-11-01, 149 (11): 1176–81. ISSN 2168-6254. PMC 4237645 . PMID 25251505. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2029.
補充閱讀[編輯]
- Hansen WH, Fitzhugh OG, Nelson AA, Davis KJ. Chronic toxicity of two food colors, brilliant blue FCF and indigotine. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. January 1966, 8 (1): 29–36. PMID 5950860. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(66)90097-4.
- Borzelleca JF, Depukat K, Hallagan JB. Lifetime toxicity/carcinogenicity studies of FD & C Blue No. 1 (brilliant blue FCF) in rats and mice. Food and Chemical Toxicology. April 1990, 28 (4): 221–34. PMID 2358248. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(90)90034-K.
- Brown JP, Dorsky A, Enderlin FE, Hale RL, Wright VA, Parkinson TM. Synthesis of 14C-labelled FD & C Blue No. 1 (Brilliant Blue FCF) and its intestinal absorption and metabolic fate in rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology. February 1980, 18 (1): 1–5. PMID 7372204. doi:10.1016/0015-6264(80)90002-4.