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使用者:ErwinTATP/沙盒0

維基百科，自由的百科全書
上圖：在華盛頓特區市中心發現的大尺寸彩色湯因比瓷磚。下圖：上圖瓷磚底部的標籤特寫。標籤文字：As media U.S.S.R. and Fronts are against it（「正如蘇聯和前線的媒體反對的那樣」）。標籤中提到了蘇聯，而拍攝這張照片時，蘇聯已解體多年了。

湯因比瓷磚（Toynbee tiles，又作Toynbee plaques）是一系列嵌在街道瀝青中的，來源未知的信息，目前已在二十多個美國城市，以及南美洲的四個首都城市中出現。[1][2]自20世紀80年代起，已發現數百塊這樣的「瓷磚」。它們通常和美國車輛號牌大小相近（約30 cm × 15 cm），也有稍大一些的情況。瓷磚上一般包含下列的四行文字：

TOYNBEE IDEA
IN MOViE `2001
RESURRECT DEAD
ON PLANET JUPITER

（湯因比於電影2001中的想法，在木星上讓死者復生。）

具體的詞彙偶爾會有差異（如用RAISE替代RESURRECT等）。某些製作更精心的瓷磚會包含政治隱喻，或者鼓勵讀者繪製和安裝自己的瓷磚。長期以來人們不知道這些瓷磚使用的製作材料；已有一些證據顯示這些瓷磚可能是用多層油氈以及填補裂縫的瀝青材料製作的。[3]

在20世紀90年代中期，提到這些瓷磚的文章開始出現。[4]

歷史與傳播[編輯]

20世紀80年代末，有人開始對湯因比瓷磚進行拍照；[5] 而在1994年的《巴爾的摩太陽報》中，湯因比瓷磚首次被媒體提及。[6][7]然而在1983年，《費城調問詢報》出版的一則故事提到一場以費城為基地的「死者復生」運動，運動計劃在木星上復活死者。 儘管這則故事沒有明確提到湯因比瓷磚，但這則故事內含的想法和瓷磚內容驚人地一致。[5]

在美國，發現瓷磚的範圍西起密蘇里州的堪薩斯城，北至馬薩諸塞州的波士頓，南至哥倫比亞特區。[1] 2006年，康涅狄格州郊外出現了原作者的製作的湯因比瓷磚；2008年在新澤西州也出現了幾處。[來源請求]除此之外，自2002年起，費城之外的地區幾乎沒有湯因比瓷磚原作者的作品出現。[8] 還有一些被認為是模仿者所作的類似瓷磚，出現在印第安納州諾布斯威爾（英語：Noblesville, Indiana）紐約州水牛城，以及西海岸地區——包括舊金山、俄勒岡州波特蘭，新墨西哥州羅斯維爾。[9]許多被認為由原作者製作的瓷磚已被城市交通嚴重磨損，不過截至2011年 (2011-Missing required parameter 1=month!)仍可在賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡、密蘇里州聖路易斯、辛辛那提、俄亥俄州克利夫蘭、乃至南美洲等地見到一些老瓷磚。

湯因比瓷磚的製作仍在繼續：2013年6月19日晚，堪薩斯州托皮卡的街面上出現了類似湯因比瓷磚，第二天晚上被清除。[10] 2013年7月17日，猶他州的鹽湖城一處街道上發現了湯因比瓷磚。[11] 另外，已有一些新風格的湯因比瓷磚出現在在美國的幾條主要高速公路上——比如賓夕法尼亞州特拉華縣的476號州際公路，95號州際公路等。還有6塊於2007年到2008年在特拉華縣的國道1號線北行方向被發現。這些瓷板比原版瓷磚更大，內容用紅色的斜體字書寫。

Interpretation[編輯]

People and things referred to[編輯]

Commonly, a city will have a couple of large and colorful tiles along with numerous small and simple tiles like this one, just a block from the White House.

"Toynbee" may refer to historian Arnold J. Toynbee[來源請求] or Ray Bradbury's short story "The Toynbee Convector".[12] "Kubrick's 2001" is thought to refer to 2001: A Space Odyssey, co-written and directed by filmmaker Stanley Kubrick.[來源請求]

The majority of tiles contain text similar to that above, although a second set is often found nearby. Several of these allude to a mass conspiracy between the press (including newspaper magnate John S. Knight of Knight-Ridder), the U.S. government, the USSR (even in tiles seemingly made years after the Soviet Union's dissolution), and Jews.[來源請求] The writing is of a similar style and poor quality.

A tile that used to be located in Santiago de Chile mentions a street address in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 2624 S. 7th Philadelphia, PA. The current occupants of the house know nothing about the tiles and are annoyed by people who ask,[13] though this is the residence of a named recluse and alleged tile-maker, as shown in the 2011 documentary film Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles.

Toynbee-tile enthusiasts believe that a native Philadelphian created the Toynbee tiles because of the large number that appear in the city, their apparent age, the variety of carving styles, the presence of the "tile creator's screed" (see below), and the Philadelphia address on the Santiago tile.

Interpretations and "The Idea"[編輯]

According to letters written by the tiler, allegedly uncovered by Toynbee tile researchers in Philadelphia in 2006,[14] "Toynbee's idea" stems from a passage in Arnold Toynbee's book Experiences, pp. 139–142:

Human nature presents human minds with a puzzle which they have not yet solved and may never succeed in solving, for all that we can tell. The dichotomy of a human being into 'soul' and 'body' is not a datum of experience. No one has ever been, or ever met, a living human soul without a body... Someone who accepts—as I myself do, taking it on trust—the present-day scientific account of the Universe may find it impossible to believe that a living creature, once dead, can come to life again; but, if he did entertain this belief, he would be thinking more 'scientifically' if he thought in the Christian terms of a psychosomatic resurrection than if he thought in the shamanistic terms of a disembodied spirit.

A different style of Toynbee tile, found at the corner of 13th and Chestnut Sts. in Philadelphia

Another possible interpretation is that the Toynbee reference comes from the science fiction writer Ray Bradbury's short story "The Toynbee Convector", which alludes to Toynbee's idea that in order to survive, humankind must always rush to meet the future, i.e., believe in a better world, and must always aim far beyond what is practically possible, in order to reach something barely within reach. Thus the message might be that humanity ought to strive to colonize Jupiter—as in Kubrick's work—or something greater, to survive.

Arthur C. Clarke's short story "Jupiter V" contains elements in common with 2001 and mentions Toynbee several times.[來源請求]

Another explanation may be that the tiles quote a short play by David Mamet, 4 A.M., written in 1983 and published in the collection Goldberg Street: Short Plays and Monologues in 1985. In the play, a radio host impatiently listens to a caller who contends that the movie 2001, based on the writings of Arnold Toynbee, speaks of the plan to reconstitute life on Jupiter. The radio show host quickly points out the factual errors in the caller's assertion and the logical fallacies of his plan. Mamet has spoken of his belief that the tiles are an homage and seems flattered by them.[15]

Researchers for the 2011 documentary Resurrect Dead claim to have uncovered several pieces of evidence that predate Mamet's play, including a 1980 call by the tiler to Larry King's radio show. Additionally, this documentary cites a newspaper article purportedly published in The Philadelphia Inquirer on March 13, 1983, "Theories: Wanna run that by me again?" by Clark DeLeon, which recounts a conversation between DeLeon and one James Morasco:

Call me skeptical, but I had a hard time buying James Morasco's concept that the planet Jupiter would be colonized by bringing all the people on Earth who had ever died back to life. Morasco says he is a social worker in Philadelphia and came across the idea while reading a book by historian Arnold Toynbee, whose theory on bringing dead molecules back to life was depicted in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. That's why he's contacting talk shows and newspapers to spread the message. He's even founded a Jupiter colonization organization called the Minority Association.[16]

A complex of four tiles was once located at 16th and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia. Consisting of four panels of barely-legible italic printing, this work can be read[誰說的？] as a lengthy complaint about the artist's enemies. A possible transcription of its message reads:

John Knight Ridder is the Philadelphia thug hellion Jew who'd hated this movements guts- for years- takes money from the Mafia to make the Mafia look good in his newspapers so he has the Mafia in his back pocket. John Knight sent the Mafia to murder me in May 1991 [illegible] journalists [illegible] then gloated to my face about death and Knight Ridder great power to destroy. In fact John Knight went into hellion binge of joy over Knight-Ridder's great power to destroy.
I secured house with blast doors and fled the country in June 1991.
NBC attorneys journalists and security officials at Rockefeller Center fraudulently under the "Freedom of Information Act" all [illegible] orders NBC executives got the U.S. federal district attorney's office who got FBI to get Interpol to establish task force that located me in Dover England.
Which back home Inquirer got union goons from their own employees union to [illegible] down a "sports journalist". Who with ease bashed in lights and windows of neighborhood car- as well as men outside my house. They are stationed there still waiting for me.
NBC CBS group "W" Westinghouse, Time, Time Warner, Fox, Universal all of the "Cult of the Hellion" each one were Much worse than Knight-Ridder ever was[,] mostly hellion Jews.
When K.Y.W. and NBC executives told John Knight the whole coven gloated in joyous fits on how their Soviet pals found a way to turn it into a...

The reference to resurrecting dead on planet Jupiter could be a reference to the plot of the film 2001, in which hibernating astronauts who had secret training were to be revived upon arrival at Jupiter. "John Knight" may be a reference to American newspaper publisher John S. Knight, and K.Y.W. may refer to KYW-TV.

Creator[編輯]

Three tiles placed on the Avenue of the Arts section of Broad Street in Philadelphia. The tiles appear to be of a clay-like substance, but are made of linoleum cemented onto normal-sized paving bricks.

The tiles appear to be the work of a single person, initially thought to be James Morasco (May 6, 1915 – March 15, 2003), a Philadelphia carpenter. Morasco would have been in his 70s when most of the tiles were laid.[13] Morasco died in 2003, but new tiles have since been seen in Philadelphia.

In 2003, Kansas City Star writer/editor Doug Worgul discovered a "Toynbee Tile" at the corner of 13th and Grand in downtown Kansas City. He wrote about the Kansas City Toynbee Tile and the worldwide Toynbee Tiles mystery in an article published on The Star's website. The article has been cited frequently in subsequent articles about the Toynbee Tile phenomenon. In a telephone interview Worgul spoke with a woman who was the widow of a James Morasco. The woman was evasive on the subject of the tiles. Worgul used his knowledge of the Toynbee Tiles as the basis for a character in his 2009 novel Thin Blue Smoke (Macmillan Publishers).

The 2011 documentary film Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles presents evidence that the tiler was reclusive Philadelphia resident who used the name "James Morasco" as an alias. Verna purportedly placed the tiles through a hole in the floor of his car while broadcasting a message via short wave radio about his theories.

Between 2002 and 2007, many new tiles displayed a very different font and styling than the older tiles and tended to leave out words that were found on the originals: "raise" is often substituted for "resurrect", and prepositions are frequently omitted.

Beginning in 2007, tiles were discovered in Philadelphia that are quite similar to the original tiles, leading some to believe that everything has been the work of the same person throughout the life of the tile phenomenon. The font and message are the same as the old ones, and the subtext is a return to some of the older ideas as well. These tiles were glued with a thicker layer of asphalt glue/sealant than older ones.

Deployment[編輯]

Toynbee-tile enthusiast Justin Duerr claims to have once found and examined a newly installed tile. This new tile was wrapped in tar paper and placed on a busy street early in the morning. From this find and other evidence, Duerr believes that the pressure exerted by automobiles driving over the tile for weeks on end pushes the tile into the road surface. Eventually, the tar paper wears away, exposing the message.

A Toynbee-tile enthusiast website reported a tile found in Pittsburgh that included deployment instructions, which the reader transcribed as "linoleum, asphalt glue (?) in several layers, then placing tar paper over it so that car wheels won't mess it up, and apparently the heat of the sun on the tar paper will bake it into the street". This tile was located near the Pittsburgh Hilton, and has since been paved over.[17]

Destruction, conservation, and public acknowledgment[編輯]

Tiles that are located in the middle of busy streets and highway on- and off-ramps tend to wear away quickly and also can become victims of resurfacing; smaller tiles and those located close to pedestrian crosswalks tend to be in better condition.

Hundreds of tiles have been destroyed during the course of regular road maintenance.[來源請求] The city of Chicago has declared the tiles "vandalism" and removes any tiles that it finds, considering them to be "no different than graffiti".[12]

A large tile complex, the tile maker's apparent rant against his enemies, was destroyed when Chestnut Street in Philadelphia was repaved. One tile located at the corners of Talcahuano and Santa Fé streets in Buenos Aires, Argentina, since at least 1996 is damaged and unreadable.

There is no public or private agency dedicated to conserving Toynbee tiles. Many tiles now exist only as photographs taken before their destruction. The tiles have enjoyed attention from American and European media outlets, including from The New York Times, The Chicago Sun Times, Spiegel Online, and NPR. In 2011, Philadelphia-based filmmakers Justin Duerr, Jon Foy, Colin Smith, and Steve Weinik released Resurrect Dead: The Mystery of the Toynbee Tiles, an independent documentary film about the tiles.[18] The film was selected for the 2011 Sundance Film Festival in the U.S. Documentary category, and Foy won the category's Directing Award.[19]

See also[編輯]

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：ErwinTATP/沙盒0

References[編輯]

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 What Is It?. Web.archive.org. [2010-10-11]. （原始內容存檔於2007-12-18）. 
  2. ^ Correa, Vanessa; Spinelli, Evandro. Placa misteriosa é cravada no asfalto da avenida Paulista. Folha de S. Paulo. 19 September 2010 [19 September 2010] （Portuguese）. 
  3. ^ CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective. Recipes for Disaster, an Anarchist Cookbook 2nd. CrimethInc. Ex-workers Collective. 2012: 48. 
  4. ^ Stoehr, John. Out of This World. Cincinnati City Beat. 2001-08-02 [2006-12-29]. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Resurrect Dead Mystery. Resurrectdead.com. [2010-10-11]. 
  6. ^ Hiaasen, Rob, The word on the street turns cryptic, The Baltimore Sun, October 19, 1994 [February 7, 2012] 
  7. ^ Hiaasen, Rob, By all signs, markers remain a mystery, The Baltimore Sun, October 28, 1994 [February 7, 2012] 
  8. ^ HUGE TILE NEWS — dovate. Steveweinik.com. 2006-08-24 [2010-10-11]. 
  9. ^ Resurrect Dead Message Board - Home. Resurrectdead.proboards59.com. [2010-10-11]. 
  10. ^ Hrenchir, Tim. Tile embedded in downtown street bears mystery message. CJOnline.com. 2013-06-20 [2013-11-12]. 
  11. ^ Mysterious message appears in Salt Lake City street. FOX13Now.com. 2013-07-17 [2013-11-12]. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Ressurectdead FAQs. 2011 [22 May 2012]. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 O'Donnell, Matt. Special Report: Matt Investigates the Mystery of Philadelphia's "Toynbee Tiles". WPVI-TV/DT Action News. 2006-07-17 [2006-12-29]. 
  14. ^ Resurrect Dead Message Board - Toynbees ideas - here they are, folks!. Resurrectdead.proboards.com. [2010-10-11]. 
  15. ^ Epstein, Daniel Robert. David Mamet. SuicideGirls.com. 2007-12-02 [2007-02-13]. 
  16. ^ Deleon, Clark. Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing, LLC. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7627-4588-3. 
  17. ^ Johnson, L.A. Mysteries underfoot: Pedestrians have long wondered over Toynbee tiles. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2006-07-31 [17 August 2010]. 
  18. ^ Resurrect Dead. Resurrect Dead. [2011-03-16]. 
  19. ^ Posted on Dec 01, 2010 at 11:12 am. 2011 Sundance Film Festival Announces Films in Competition | Sundance Film Festival. Sundance.org. 2010-12-01 [2011-03-16]. 

External links[編輯]

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