跳至內容

使用者:Georges Smiley/第二次世界大戰期間的英國陸軍軍級建制列表

維基百科，自由的百科全書

第二次世界大戰期間，英國陸軍組建了多個軍，此類建制大多包括若干陸軍師，輔以炮兵、工程兵和後勤分隊作為對各師級單位的支援補充。在指揮層級中，軍一般處於集團軍、集團軍群和司令部之下。[1]在整場戰爭期間，英國組建了16個軍，其中有三個負責防空作戰。相較野戰軍團，防空軍的職能並非在實戰中指揮若干陸軍師，而是負責指揮一片覆蓋數百或數千平方英里的防區內的防空部隊。除此之外，通過情報欺詐活動，在英國陸軍架構內尚存在11個額外的軍。縱觀整場戰爭期間，儘管這些軍並非同時存在，也並非全部真實存在，英國陸軍計有27個軍級建制的單位。[a]

1939年戰爭爆發時，英國陸軍只有一個軍（即第一軍），但是很快就擴編了兩個軍以增援英國遠征軍。至1940年，英國國內又組建了六個軍，次年又增加了兩個。1943年12月，最後一個組建於本土的軍——第一空降軍成立。1941年，第十三軍作為第一個在海外組建的軍成立。[b]「軍」通常由一名陸軍中將作為司令官。[3]

軍的規模可大可小，視情況而定。以西部沙漠司令部為例，這支部隊最初由一個師部改組而來，最終發展成了一支規模達到36000人，擁有一個步兵師、一個裝甲師以及若干小股部隊的軍級單位。在1944年6月埃普索姆行動前期，第八軍有57000名士兵，分布於兩個步兵師、一個裝甲師、一個裝甲旅、一個坦克旅，以及軍直屬後勤、文職、工兵以及炮兵分隊當中。而在行動期間，該軍規模達到65000人之眾。[4][c]待到1944年6月古德伍德行動期間，第八軍的作戰序列又有大調整，這次則包括三個裝甲師，以及軍直屬各分隊，總計62000人。[5]英國陸軍的軍級部隊並不僅僅包括英國部隊，第二次阿拉曼戰役期間，第八集團軍麾下就有由各國軍隊組成的三個軍：第十三軍由英軍和法軍組成，第十軍僅由英軍組成，而第三十軍則包括英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭、印度和南非部隊。[6]

與其餘的野戰軍不同，三個防空軍負責維護英國本土的空中安全，每個軍都包含若干防空師，分管面積不等的防區。其中，第一防空軍下轄五個防空師，負責防禦英國南部；第二防空軍下轄四個師，負責防禦英格蘭中部；第三防空軍下轄三個師，負責防禦英國北部。[7]隨着戰爭的進行，第一防空軍的規模也得以擴大，保護英國的重要地區免受納粹空軍的襲擊。1942年10月，英國的防空系統重組，為了減輕指揮壓力，節省人力物力，使得調度更為靈活，三個防空軍被七個防空區取代。[8]

軍級部隊列表[編輯]

番號 組建日期 解散日期 徽章 服役地區 知名戰史 備註 Ref
第一軍 1902年 1945年7月 A white spearhead pointing up, on a scarlet diamond. 英國本土、法國、比利時、荷蘭和德國 法國戰役、霸王行動、進軍萊茵、中歐會戰 1939年戰爭爆發時英國陸軍唯一的軍，徽章里的矛頭亦在暗示這一點。該軍活躍於整場戰爭期間，與英國遠征軍、第二集團軍和加拿大第一集團軍並肩作戰。戰爭臨近結束時，該軍正在德國境內作戰。1945年7月中旬，該軍改組為英國占領當局第一軍，負責管理萊茵省和威斯特伐利亞。 [9][11]
第一空降軍 1943年12月 1945年10月 Light blue Pegasus and rider on purple background 英國本土、荷蘭、德國、英屬印度 市場花園行動 The corps was formed on 9 December 1943, officially as Headquarters, Airborne Troops (21st Army Group). It initially commanded all British airborne until those needed for Operation Overlord were reassigned to other formations. The corps first combat operation was Operation Market Garden, in which it led the 1st Airborne Division into action. In June 1945, after the end of fighting in Europe, the corps was transferred to British India, where It was intended to oversee attacks on Singapore and Thailand. However, no operations took place as the Pacific War ended soon after the redeployment. The corps was disbanded on 23 October 1945. [12][10]
第一防空軍 1938年6月 1942年10月 A German eagle in red, pieced by a red arrow, on a blue background. 英國本土 不列顛戰役、倫敦大轟炸, 貝德克大轟炸 The corps initially controlled anti-aircraft defences for London and the Home Counties. After the outbreak of the war, it was expanded to control all formations covering southern England and Wales, which corresponded with No. 10 and No. 11 Group RAF. It was the largest of the three anti-aircraft corps that were formed. It was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. The insignia depicted the shooting of a German eagle. [11]
第二軍 1939年9月 1944年3月 A red fish on alternating blue and white wavy horizontal stripes, within a red border. 英國本土、法國、比利時（1939年）（1944年—1945年，計劃中） 法國戰役 Served with the BEF during the Battle of France and was evacuated back to the UK, where it remained on home defence duties. The corps was briefly disbanded in 1943 but then reformed and existed until early 1944, when it was again disbanded. Thereafter, it was used for deception purposes, and played a role in Operation Fortitude and additional efforts until it was notionally disbanded in December 1944. The Imperial War Museum stated the original insignia was blue-and-white wavy lines. A fish was added later to suggest it was jumping over a brook—a pun on the name of the corps' first commander Alan Brooke. [16][d]
第二防空軍 1939年4月 1942年10月 An upraised mailed army clutching a dagger, all in pale blue, on a red background. 英國本土 不列顛戰役、倫敦大轟炸, 貝德克大轟炸 The corps controlled anti-aircraft defences for the Midlands and parts of northern England, corresponding with No. 9 and No. 12 Group RAF. The corps was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. [15]
第三軍 1939年10月 終戰 A five-lobed green leaf on a white rectangle 英國本土、法國、比利時、埃及、敘利亞、意大利、希臘 法國戰役、希臘內戰 Fought in France and Belgium with the BEF, and was evacuated back to the UK where it remained on home defence duties until disbanded in 1943. It was then revived as a deception formation for Operation Cascade and was notionally transported to Iran. The corps was then actually reformed in the Middle East, subsequently moved to Italy, and was then dispatched to reoccupy Greece following a German withdrawal. The corps remained in Greece until the end of the war, when it was converted into HQ Land Forces Greece. [22]
第三防空軍 1939年4月 1942年10月 Alternating red and white vertical stripes. The white stripe contains three red crescents, horns facing right. 英國本土 不列顛戰役、倫敦大轟炸, 貝德克大轟炸 The corps controlled anti-aircraft defences for Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England that were not covered by II Anti-Aircraft Corps. These areas corresponding with No. 13 and No. 14 Group RAF. The corps was disbanded when the anti-aircraft defences were reorganised. [16]
第四軍 1940年2月 終戰 A black elephant on a red background 英國本土、挪威、英屬印度、緬甸 挪威戰役、緬甸戰役 Claude Auchinleck was tasked with forming IV Corps to move to France to reinforce the BEF. He chose an insignia based on the cap badge of his regiment, the 1st Punjab Regiment. In April 1940, the corps was used to temporarily form HQ Northern Norway Land Forces. It returned to the UK and undertook home defence duties until it was dispatched to British India in 1942. It subsequently fought in Burma under the Fourteenth Army and ended the war in Burma under the Twelfth Army. [17][18]
第五軍 1940年6月 終戰 A white Viking ship on a black background. The sail includes black stripes and a red cross. 英國、阿爾及利亞、突尼斯、意大利 突尼斯戰役、意大利戰役 A second corps Claude Auchinleck was tasked with forming, V Corps used men from IV Corps who had been dispatched to Norway. The insignia, a Viking ship, commemorated this connection; its choice of colour echoed that of the First-World-War-era V Corps. The Corps undertook home defence in the UK, then joined the First Army and was dispatched to fight in North Africa. V Corps later fought as part of the Eighth Army in Sicily and Italy, where it ended the war. [19][20]
第六軍 1940年6月 1940年7月 N/A 英國本土 N/A In mid-June 1940, VI Corps was formed in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, to command all troops located there. On 12 July 1940, it became British Troops in Ireland, which was later renamed British Troops in Northern Ireland. [21]
第七軍 1940年7月 1940年12月 A scarlet horizontal diamond UK (actual and notional) N/A Formed on 7 July and composed of British and Canadian forces under the command of Canadian officer Andrew McNaughton. On 25 December 1940, VII Corps was redesignated as the Canadian Corps. The corps was revived as part of the deception effort Operation Fortitude in April 1944; it was provided with an insignia of a scallop shell on a blue background. German intelligence were fed information to state the corps was drained of manpower to replace casualties suffered by the 21st Army Group in Belgium, and it was notionally disbanded in January 1945. [22][30]
第八軍 1940年7月 1945年7月 A charging knight, facing right, in white on a red rectangle. 英國本土、法國、比利時、荷蘭、德國 霸王行動、進軍萊茵、中歐會戰 Served on home defence duties until 1944, when it formed part of the 21st Army Group and took part in the liberation of German-occupied Western Europe. By the end of the war in Europe, the corps was in Germany and by mid-July 1945 was converted into an administrative district of the British military government in Germany based at Pion. The second version of the corp's insignia, which was displayed during the fighting in Europe, is depicted. [23][33]
第九軍 1941年6月 1943年5月 a black cat on an orange background 英國本土、阿爾及利亞、突尼斯 突尼斯戰役 The insignia represented a "kilkenny cat", which was chosen as Kilkenny, Ireland, was the hometown of the corp's first commanding officer Ridley Pakenham-Walsh. IX Corps undertook home defence duties until 1942, when it was deployed to North Africa. At that point, the insignia was changed to a yellow trumpet on a red background. The corps was disbanded at the end of the fighting in North Africa. [24][25]
第十軍 1940年6月 1945年7月 A white rectangle and a white circle, both on a green background with a domed top. 英國本土、埃及、意屬利比亞、突尼斯、意大利、希臘 北非戰役、意大利戰役、希臘內戰 Formed for home defence duties, it was transferred to Egypt in August 1942 and fought across North Africa. It then served in Italy and Greece. In May 1945, the corps was placed in reserve and was scheduled to be transferred to Asia. By July, it was still in the Mediterranean theatre when it was disbanded. According to the Imperial War Museum, the insignia can be read as "10" with the symbols rotated 90 degrees. The museum also noted varying designs and coloured insignia existed at the same time. [26][38]
第十一軍 1940年6月 1943年5月 A black-and-white chequered tower on a black diamond background. 英國本土 N/A Formed for home defence duties. The insignia depicted a fortified tower, which represented the large number of defensive strong points the corps helped construct. [27][28][lower-alpha 4]
第十二軍 1940年6月 1945年6月 Three trees on a white oval background 英國本土、法國、比利時、荷蘭、德國 霸王行動、進軍萊茵、中歐會戰 Per the Imperial War Museum, the insignia represented an oak, ash, and thorn tree of Puck of Pook's Hill. This design linked the corps' first commander Andrew Thorne with the area of Sussex where the corps was formed. It was initially raised for home defence duties and was later assigned to the 21st Army Group. From 1944, it fought in northwest Europe and ended the war in Hamburg, Germany. It was not selected to be part of the occupational forces and was stood down following the end of fighting in Europe. [29][30][43]
第十三軍 1941年1月 1946年 A leaping gazelle in red, on a white circle. The white circle is on a red diamond background. 埃及、意屬利比亞、突尼斯、意大利、奧地利 西部沙漠戰役、突尼斯戰役、意大利戰役 Created by the re-designation of the Western Desert Force. After Operation Compass ended in early 1941, XIII Corps was stood down following a re-organisation of the British command structure within Egypt and the captured Italian-Libyan province of Cyrenaica. It was reformed in October 1941 and fought across North Africa and then in Italy. XIII Corps was based in Austria and northwest Italy when the war ended. In 1946, the corps was converted into HQ British Element Trieste Force (BETFOR), which retained the corps' insignia and was based in Trieste. The insignia represented a gazelle from the Western Desert, where the corps was formed. [31][45]
XIV Corps 1943年12月 End of the war A black wolf head on a white field Algeria, Tunisia, Italy (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed for deception purposes around the Mediterranean theatre. [32]
XVI Corps 1943年11月 Unknown Phoenix bearing a torch, emerging from red flames on a white field Egypt (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to threaten an invasion of German-occupied Greek territories. [33]
XVII Corps 1944年11月 1944年11月 N/A UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to threaten an invasion of German-occupied Greek territories. [34]
XVIII Corps 1941年6月 1941年6月 Unknown Cyprus (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive the Axis about the strength of British forces based in Cyprus. Redesignated as XXV Corps, another notional formation with the same role. [35]
XIX Airborne Corps 1944年10月 1944年12月 Light blue Pegasus and rider on purple background UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to inflate the size of the First Allied Airborne Army. The corps was notionally disbanded in December 1944 after German intelligence had been informed it was merely an administrative formation. [50]

[36]
XXI Corps 1943 1943 N/A UK (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed as part of the deception effort Operation Tindall. [52]
XXV Corps 1941年6月 Unknown A red lion passant gardant on a yellow field Cyprus (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive the Axis about the strength of British forces based in Cyprus. [37]
XXVI Airborne Corps 1944年11月 End of the war A depiction of the god Mercury British India (notionally) N/A Notional corps formed to deceive Japan about the strength of British forces based in region and to project a threat towards Thailand. [38]
第三十軍 1941年10月 1945年7月 埃及、意屬利比亞、突尼斯、英國、法國、比利時、荷蘭、德國 西部沙漠戰役、突尼斯戰役、霸王行動、進軍萊茵、中歐會戰 Started to form in early October 1941 in Egypt, XXX Corps was initially known as the Armoured Corps and became active on 21 October. The corps fought across North Africa and was transferred to the UK in early 1944. From June 1944, it fought in northwest Europe and was located within Germany when the war in Europe ended. By July 1945, it had been transformed into an administrative district of the British military government in Germany covering the Hanover region, and was headquartered at Nienburg. [39][56]
西部沙漠司令部 1940年6月 1941年10月 N/A 埃及、意屬利比亞 西部沙漠戰役 該司令部成立於1940年6月17日，由第6步兵師的師部改組而來，負責指揮所有在埃及境內的英國陸軍部隊。1942年1月，該部隊改組為第十三軍。 In March 1941, following a strategic reversal in Italian Libya, a new Western Desert Force was formed. It led British forces during operations Brevity and Battleaxe. In October 1941, Western Defence Force again became XIII Corps. [57]

腳註[編輯]

引用[編輯]

  1. ^ Dear & Foot 2001，第303–306頁.
  2. ^ Kirby et al. 1958，第194, 454頁；Virk 1982，第68, 112, 231, 247, 358, 360頁；Playfair et al. 2004，第403頁.
  3. ^ Playfair et al. 2004，第465頁.
  4. ^ Jackson 2006，第27, 40頁.
  5. ^ Jackson 2006，第84頁.
  6. ^ Playfair et al. 2004，第7–8頁.
  7. ^ 第38149號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 December 1947.  and 第38149號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 December 1947. 
  8. ^ 第38149號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 16 December 1947. 
  9. ^ Badge, Formation, British, I Corps & 1st Corps. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  10. ^ Badge, Formation, British, 1st Airborne Division & 6th Airborne Division & 16th Airborne Division TA. Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  11. ^ Badge, Formation, I Anti-Aircraft Corps (1st AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  12. ^ Heathcote 1999，第275頁.
  13. ^ Mackie, Colin. Senior Army Appointments: 1860– (PDF): 249–251. 2021 [28 February 2022].  and Mackie, Colin. Colin Mackie's website. 2021 [28 February 2022]. 
  14. ^ Joslen 2003，第89, 96頁.
  15. ^ Badge, Formation, II Anti-Aircraft Corps (2nd AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  16. ^ Badge, Formation, III Anti-Aircraft Corps (3rd AA Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  17. ^ Badge, Formation, British, IV Corps & 4th Corps & 64th Medium Regiment RA. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  18. ^ McGilvray 2020，第32頁.
  19. ^ Badge, Formation, British, V Corps (5th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  20. ^ Warner 2006，第59頁.
  21. ^ Blake 1956，第159頁.
  22. ^ Badge, Formation, Canadian, VII Corps, 7 Corps, The Canadian Corps, 1st Canadian Corps. Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022]. 
  23. ^ Badge, Formation, VIII Corps District (8th Corps District) & South Western District. Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022].  and Badge, Formation, VIII Corps (8th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [18 February 2022]. 
  24. ^ Badge, Formation, British, IX Corps (9th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [16 February 2022].  (IWM incorrectly stated "1940" instead of "1941"), Badge, Formation, 1st Army. Imperial War Museum. [13 February 2022]. , and Pakenham-Walsh, Ridley. ACT Memorial. [20 February 2022]. 
  25. ^ Royal Engineers Journal 1967，第84頁.
  26. ^ Badge, Formation, British, X Corps (10th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  27. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XI Corps (11th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  28. ^ Newbold 1988，第202–203頁.
  29. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XII Corps (12th Corps). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  30. ^ Lt.-General Ritchie For Scottish Command. The Times (50163). 8 June 1945. 
  31. ^ Badge, Formation, British, XIII Corps (13th Corps) & British Element Trieste Force (BETFOR). Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022]. 
  32. ^ Holt 2004，第595, 607–608, 623, 914–915頁.
  33. ^ Holt 2004，第915, 918頁.
  34. ^ Hesketh 2000，第440頁.
  35. ^ Holt 2004，第915頁.
  36. ^ Badge, Formation, 1st Airborne Division & 6th Airborne Division & 16th Airborne Division TA. Imperial War Museum. [7 May 2021]. 
  37. ^ Holt 2004，第32, 915, 927頁.
  38. ^ Holt 2004，第681–683, 762, 815, 916頁.
  39. ^ Badge, Formation, British, British, XXX Corps & 30th Corps. Imperial War Museum. [28 February 2022].  and Badge, Formation, 8th Army. Imperial War Museum. [13 February 2022]. 

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