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O. nidiformis

科學分類
界： 真菌 Fungi
門： 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota
綱： 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes
目： 傘菌目 Agaricales
科： 小皮傘科 Marasmiaceae
屬： Omphalotus
種： O. nidiformis
二名法
Omphalotus nidiformis
(Berk.) O.K. Mill. (1994)
異名
Species synonymy[1]
  • Agaricus nidiformis Berk. (1844)
  • Agaricus lampas Berk. (1845)
  • Agaricus phosphorus Berk. (1848)
  • Agaricus noctilucus Berk. (1872)
  • Panus incandescens Berk. & Broome (1883)
  • Pleurotus lampas (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Pleurotus nidiformis (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Pleurotus phosphorus (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
  • Dendrosarcus lampas (Berk.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Dendrosarcus berkeleyi Kuntze (1898)
  • Dendrosarcus nidiformis (Berk.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Lentinus incandescens (Berk. & Broome) Henn. (1898)
  • Pocillaria incandescens (Berk. & Broome) Kuntze (1898)
Omphalotus nidiformis
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
查看產生下列表格的真菌學模板
真菌形態特徵
子實層上有菌褶
蕈傘為漏斗狀
子實層自基部沿蕈柄向下生長
蕈柄裸露
孢印白色
異養腐生真菌 或寄生真菌
有毒

Omphalotus nidiformis，或稱鬼菇，是一種擔子菌門的傘菌，其最引人注目的性質是生物發光。已知主要生長在澳大利亞南部和塔斯曼尼亞，但在2012年，有報告稱在印度也有發現。扇狀或漏斗狀子實體直徑30厘米，菌蓋具有奶油色澤，表面具有橙色、棕色、紫色或者藍黑色色調。白色或奶油色的菌褶自基部沿菌柄向下生長，菌柄可達8厘米長。既是腐生真菌也是寄生真菌，它的子實體一般重疊結群地生長在各種枯樹或垂死的樹木上。

First described scientifically in 1844, the fungus has been known by several names in its taxonomic history. It was assigned its current name by Orson K. Miller, Jr. in 1994. Its scientific name is derived from the Latin nidus "nest", hence 'nest shaped'. Similar in appearance to the common edible oyster mushroom, it was previously considered a member of the same genus, Pleurotus, and described under the former names Pleurotus nidiformis or Pleurotus lampas. Unlike oyster mushrooms, O. nidiformis is poisonous; while not lethal, its consumption leads to severe cramps and vomiting. The toxic properties of the mushroom are attributed to compounds called illudins. O. nidiformis is one of several species in the cosmopolitan genus Omphalotus, all of which have bioluminescent properties.

分類及命名[編輯]

1844年，英國博物學家米勒斯·約瑟夫·伯克利（英語：Miles Joseph Berkeley）最初將鬼菇描述成Agaricus nidiformis。伯克利認為它與Agaricus ostreatus（now Pleurotus ostreatus）有親緣關係，但 remarked it was a "far more magnificent species".[2] Material was originally collected by Scottish naturalist James Drummond in 1841 on Banksia wood along the Swan River. He wrote "when this fungus was laid on a newspaper, it emitted by night a phosphorescent light, enabling us to read the words around it; and it continued to do so for several nights with gradually decreasing intensity as the plant dried up."[3] More material collected from near the base of a "sickly but living" shrub (Grevillea drummondii) was named as Agaricus lampas by Berkeley. He noted both were phosphorescent and closely related species.[4] Tasmanian botanist Ronald Campbell Gunn collected material in October 1845 from that state, which Berkeley felt differed from previous collections in having more demarcated and less decurrent gills and a shorter stipe, and named it Agaricus phosphorus in 1848.[5] Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo placed all three named taxa in the genus Pleurotus in 1887.[6] These names have been synonymised with O. nidiformis, although the name Pleurotus lampas persisted in some texts,[1] including the 1934–35 monograph of Australian fungi by John Burton Cleland.[7] In reviewing the published literature, Victorian botanical liaison officer Jim Willis was aware of Rolf Singer's placing of Pleurotus olearius into the genus Omphalotus, but stopped short of transferring the ghost fungus across, even though he conceded it was wrongly placed in Pleurotus.[8] Investigating the species in 1994, Orson K. Miller, Jr. gave the ghost fungus its current binomial name when he transferred it to the genus Omphalotus with other bioluminescent mushrooms.[7]

The specific epithet nidiformis is derived from the Latin terms nīdus 'nest' and forma 'shape' or 'form', hence 'nest shaped'.[9] Lampas is derived from the Greek lampas/λαμπας 'torch'.[10] Common names include ghost fungus and Australian glow fungus.[11] Drummond reported that the local aborigines were fearful when shown the luminescent fungus and called out chinga, a local word for spirit;[12] Drummond himself likened it to a will-o'-the-wisp.[3] Likewise on the Springbrook Plateau in southeastern Queensland, the local Kombumerri people believed the lights to be ancestors and gave the area a wide berth out of respect.[13]

The effect produced by it upon the traveller, when on a dark night he comes suddenly upon it glowing in the woods, is startling; for to a person unacquainted with this phenomenon the pale, livid, and deadly light emanating from it conveys to him an impression of something supernatural, and often causes no little degree of terror in weak minds or in those willing to believe in supernatural agencies.
Mordecai Cubitt Cooke[14]

Several Omphalotus species with similar bioluminescent properties occur worldwide, all of which are presumed poisonous. The best known are the North American jack o'lantern mushroom (O. olearius) and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K. Mill. (formerly known as Lampteromyces japonicus (Kawam.) Sing.), found in Japan and eastern Asia. A 2004 molecular study shows the ghost fungus to be most closely related to the western jack o'lantern mushroom (O. olivascens), which is abundant in Southern and Central California.[15] Miller notes that the colours and shades of the ghost fungus most closely resemble this species.[7]

Laboratory breeding experiments with it and other Omphalotus species have revealed a low level of compatibility (ability to breed and produce fertile hybrids), suggesting it is genetically distinct and has been isolated for a long time.[16] It is particularly poorly compatible with O. illudens, the authors of the study suggesting the separation may have been as long ago as the Late Carboniferous separation of Gondwana from Laurasia but conceding the lack of any fossil record makes it impossible to know whether the genus even existed at the time.[17]

變異[編輯]

Miller noted there appeared to be two colour forms reported across its range, namely a more cream-coloured form with darker shades of brown and grey in its cap that darkens with age, and a more wholly brownish form with paler edges and darker centre to its cap. He found the cream-coloured form to be strongly luminescent—the brightest of any fungus in the genus—with the cap, stipe and gills all glowing. The brown form was generally fainter, with its luminescence restricted to the gills. However, some strongly luminescent wholly brown-coloured mushrooms were recorded, and laboratory experiments showed all interbred freely and produced fertile offspring, leading Miller to conclude that these were phenotypic variants of a single taxon.[7]

描述[編輯]

Darker-coloured fruit bodies, Botany, Sydney

鬼菇的擔子果可以在死亡或患病的木頭上找到。[18]夜裡，一眼就能看到它們在桉樹林樹木的根部發出的淡白色的光芒。[12] 菌蓋有多種顏色，有時是奶油色though often tinted with orange, brownish, greyish, purple or even bluish-black shades. The margin is lighter, generally cream, though brown forms have tan or brown edges. The centre generally has several darker shades,[7] and younger specimens are often darker. Growing up to 30 cm（12英寸） in diameter it is funnel-shaped or fan-shaped in appearance with inrolled margins. The cream-white gills are decurrent and often drip with moisture.[19] They are up to 13 mm（0.5英寸） deep, somewhat distant to closely spaced, and have a smooth edge until they erode in maturity.[20] The stipe may be central to lateral in its attachment to the cap and is up to 8 cm（3英寸） long and tapers to the base. The thin flesh is generally creamy white in colour,[19] but can have reddish tones near the base of the stipe. 沒有獨特氣味或味道。孢子印是白色的。[20]

The spores are roughly elliptical, or, less commonly, somewhat spherical, and have dimensions of 7.5–9.5 by 5–7 μm. They are thin-walled, inamyloid, and have a smooth surface. Each features a prominent hilar appendage. The basidia (spore-bearing cells), measuring 32–42 by 6–9 μm, are club-shaped and four-spored, with sterigmata up to 7 μm long. Cheilocystidia (cystidia found on the gill edges) are abundant, and measure 15–40 by 3–6 μm; no pleurocystida (cystidia on the gill faces) are present. The cap cuticle comprises a thin layer of 3–6 μm-wide hyphae that are interwoven either loosely or tightly. All hyphae of O. nidiformis have clamp connections.[20]

O. nidiformis的發光菌褶
兩個漏斗狀的白色蘑菇
亮燈
蘑菇在黑暗中發光的綠色菌褶
熄燈

The bioluminescence of O. nidiformis fruit bodies is best seen in low-light conditions when the viewer's eyes have become dark-adapted. The gills are the most luminescent part of the fungus, emitting a greenish light that fades with age. Although the intensity of the luminescence is variable,[20] William Henry Harvey once reported that it was bright enough to read a watch face by.[21] It is not known if the mycelium is also luminescent.[22]

Omphalotus nidiformis可能與可食用的棕色側耳菇混淆（Pleurotus australis），後者為棕色且在暗處不發光。[19] 也與在北半球很常見並已商業化種植的另一種可食用的種類Pleurotus ostreatus（平菇）混淆，已至少有一例中毒案例在參考文獻中被報道。[23]

分布和棲息地[編輯]

Omphalotus nidiformis分布在澳大利亞南部的兩個隔離的區域。 在西澳大利亞州西南部， it has been recorded from Perth and the Avon wheatbelt southwest to Augusta and east along the southern coastline to Esperance.[24] In the southeast of the continent, it is found from eastern South Australia, where it has been recorded from Mount Gambier and the Fleurieu Peninsula, the Mount Lofty Ranges around Adelaide, the Murraylands, and north to the Flinders Ranges and from Lincoln National Park at the apex of the Eyre Peninsula,[25] through to southeast Queensland. It also occurs in Tasmania.[19] It can be found in eucalypt and pine forests,[26] in habitats as diverse as the arid scrubland of Wyperfeld National Park and subalpine areas of Mount Buffalo National Park,[8] as well as in urban parks and gardens. Fruit bodies can be numerous and occur in overlapping clusters on dead wood.[19] Outside Australia, it has been recorded from Norfolk Island.[27] In 2012, it was reported for the first time from Kerala, India, where it was discovered growing on a coconut tree stump.[28]

生態[編輯]

從一棵死棒柯樹的樹皮上的深縫長出的子實體，
Sylvan Grove Native Garden, Picnic Point, New South Wales

腐生或寄生，O. nidiformis無特別的需求並廣泛兼容宿主。It has been recorded on native Banksia (including B. attenuata and B. menziesii[7]), Hakea, Acacia, Nuytsia floribunda and various Myrtaceae,[20] including Agonis flexuosa and Melaleuca species,[7] and especially Eucalyptus,[8] as well as Nothofagus,[29] Casuarina species and Allocasuarina fraseriana,[7] and even introduced trees such as Pinus or Platanus species.[20] It plays an important role in breaking down wood and recycling nutrients into the soil.[30]

Omphalotus species cause a white rot by breaking down lignin in their tree hosts.[15] The fungus infiltrates the heartwood of the tree via a breach in its bark, either by a branch falling, damage from insects or mistletoe, or by mechanical damage from logging.[29] O. nidiformis has been implicated in the heartwood rot of several species of eucalypt around Australia, including marri (Corymbia calophylla) in southwest Western Australia, in spotted gum (C. maculata) and messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) in New South Wales, and in blackbutt (E. pilularis), Sydney blue gum (E. saligna), red stringybark (E. macrorhyncha) and Forth River peppermint (E. radiata) in Victoria.[31]

The US Department of Agriculture considers there is a moderate to high risk of O. nidiformis being accidentally introduced to the United States in untreated eucalyptus woodchips from Australia.[32] Nearly a century ago, Cleland and Edwin Cheel suggested that even though the fungus was of "no great economic importance", "it would be advisable to destroy it by burning wherever found."[33]

Several species of Tapeigaster flies have been collected from the fruit bodies, including T. cinctipes, T. annulipes, and T. nigricornis; the latter species uses the fruit bodies as a host to rear its young.[34] Fruit bodies in Springbrook National Park have been observed to attract nocturnal insects such as beetles, native cockroaches and crickets (white-kneed cricket (Papuastus spp.) and thorny cricket), as well as giant rainforest snails (Hedleyella falconeri) and red triangle slugs (Triboniophorus graeffei), which voraciously consume the fungus.[13][35]

生物化學[編輯]

Omphalotus nidiformis是不可食用的。儘管具有溫和口感，[20]但食用它30分鐘至兩小時後一般會導致嘔吐，並持續幾個小時。不會導致腹瀉，病人不會有持續的不良後果並會恢復。[36]安東尼·M·楊在他1982年寫的指南《常見澳洲真菌》最早提及它的毒性。[7]Omphalotus屬下的許多物種所含的毒性成分是一種被稱為隱陡頭菌素（英語：illudin）S的倍半萜烯（英語：sesquiterpene）類化合物。[37]它以及隱陡頭菌素M和一種co-metabolite illudosin，已經確定存在於O. nidiformis中。[38][39]這兩種隱陡頭菌素在Omphalotus屬中很常見，並且在其他擔子菌門的菌類中都沒有發現。[39]O. nidiformis所特有的三種額外的化合物已經被確認並被命名為隱陡頭菌素F、G和H。[40]

伊洛福芬（英語：Irofulven），一種轉化自隱陡頭菌素S的化合物，作為一種治療各類癌症的可能的療法，正在進行二期臨床試驗（英語：phase_II_clinical_trial）。[41]子實體提取物具有抗氧化以及清除（英語：Scavenger_(chemistry)）自由基的性質，可能歸因於酚類化合物的存在。[28]

參閱[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

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  32. ^ Kliejunas, John T.; Burdsall, Harold H., Jr.; DeNitto, Gregg A.; Eglitis, Andris; Haugen, Dennis A.; Harverty, Michael I.; Micales, Jessie A.; Tkacz, Borys M.; Powell, Mark R. Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation into the United States of Unprocessed Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species From Australia (PDF). General Technical Report FPL-GTR-137 (報告) (Madison, Wisconsin: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory). 2003: 133–34. 
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  34. ^ McAlpine, David K.; Kent, Deborah S. Systematics of Tapeigaster (Diptera: Heleomyzidae) with notes on biology and larval morphology. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 1981–82, 106 (1): 33–58 (see 56). 
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  36. ^ Southcott, Ronald Vernon. Notes on some poisonings and other clinical effects following ingestion of Australian fungi. South Australian Clinics. 1974, 6 (5): 442–78. 
  37. ^ Benjamin, Denis R. Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas — A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians. New York, New York: WH Freeman and Company. 1995: 366–67. ISBN 0-7167-2600-9. 
  38. ^ Burgess, Maree L.; Barrow, Kevin D. Biosynthesis of illudosin, a fomannosane-type sesquiterpene, by the Basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions. 1999, 1 (17): 2461–66. doi:10.1039/a904097h. 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Kirchmair, Martin. Identification of illudins in Omphalotus nidiformis and Omphalotus olivascens var. indigo by column liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 1999, 832 (1–2): 247–52. ISSN 0021-9673. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00892-9. 
  40. ^ Burgess, M.L.; Zhang, Y.L.; Barrow, K.D. Characterization of new illudanes, illudins F, G, and H from the basidiomycete Omphalotus nidiformis. Journal of Natural Products. 1999, 62 (11): 1542–44. PMID 10579869. doi:10.1021/np990247d. 
  41. ^ Schüffler, Anja; Anke, Timm. Secondary metabolites of Basidiomycetes. Anke, Timm; Weber, Daniela (編). Physiology and Genetics: Selected Basic and Applied Aspects. Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. 2009: 213. ISBN 978-3-642-00286-1. 

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