捕鳥蛛科
提示：此條目的主題不是塔蘭托狼蛛。
捕鳥蛛科 化石時期：
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| 短尾蛛屬（Brachypelma sp.） | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 蛛形綱 Arachnida |
| 目： | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
| 亞目： | 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae |
| 下目： | 猛蛛亞目 Mygalomorphae |
| 科： | 捕鳥蛛科 Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870 |
| 屬 | |
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約113屬 | |
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捕鳥蛛（學名：Tarantula）屬於較原始的蜘蛛，其全身密生細毛。亦稱為大蘭多毒蛛、塔蘭托毒蛛、塔蘭圖拉毒蛛。美洲的捕鳥蛛身上某些地方可能長有一種刺激性的螫毛，可在面臨危險時使用後腿向老鼠等天敵拋灑這種天然的致癢粉，而天敵遇到這種螫毛會產生類似於工人鋪設纖維玻璃毛氈後產生的刺癢感。這種方式可以幫助叮咬能力較弱的美洲捕鳥蛛保護自己不受傷害，而美洲捕鳥蛛也因此擁有相對於亞洲捕鳥蛛較低的毒性。
亞科
[編輯]（中美洲 Acanthopelminae）
[編輯]- Acanthopelma F. O. P. Cambridge, 1897
（南美洲 Aviculariinae）
[編輯]
- Avicularia Lamarck, 1818
- Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Avicularia caei Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia gamba[1]
- Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891
- Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006
- Avicularia hirsutissima (C.L.Koch, 1842)
- Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923
- Avicularia lynnae Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia merianae Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia minatrix Pocock, 1903
- Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990
- Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945
- Avicularia sooretama[1]
- Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920)
- Avicularia testacea (C.L.Koch, 1841)
- Avicularia variegata F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1896
- Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778)
- Ephebopus Simon, 1892
- Iridopelma Pocock, 1901
- Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901
（非洲 Eumenophorinae）
[編輯]- Anoploscelus Pocock, 1897
- Batesiella Pocock, 1903
- Citharischius Pocock, 1900
- Encyocrates Simon, 1892
- Eumenophorus Pocock, 1897
- Hysterocrates Simon, 1892
- Loxomphalia Simon, 1889
- Loxoptygus Simon, 1903
- Mascaraneus Gallon, 2005
- Monocentropus Pocock, 1897
- Myostola Simon, 1903
- Phoneyusa Karsch, 1884
（非洲 Harpactirinae）
[編輯]
- Augacephalus Gallon, 2002
- Ceratogyrus Pocock, 1897
- Eucratoscelus Pocock, 1898
- Harpactira Ausserer, 1871
- Harpactirella Purcell, 1902
- Idiothele Hewitt, 1919
- Pterinochilus Pocock, 1897
- Trichognathella Gallon, 2004
（世界 Ischnocolinae）
[編輯]
- Catumiri Guadanucci, 2004
- 毛踵蛛屬 Chaetopelma Ausserer, 1871
- Cratorrhagus Simon, 1891
- Hemiercus Simon, 1903
- Heterothele Karsch, 1879
- Holothele Karsch, 1879
- Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871
- Nesiergus Simon, 1903
- Oligoxystre Vellard, 1924
- Plesiophrictus Pocock, 1899
- Pseudoligoxystre Vol, 2001
- Sickius Soares & Camargo, 1948
（東南亞、華南等地 Ornithoctoninae）
[編輯]- Citharognathus Pocock, 1895
- 塞勒蛛屬 Cyriopagopus (海南捕鳥蛛)
- Haplopelma Simon, 1892
- Lampropelma Simon, 1892
- Ornithoctonus Pocock, 1892
- Phormingochilus Pocock, 1895
（印度 Poecilotheriinae）
[編輯]- 華麗雨林屬（Poecilotheria） Simon, 1885]]
（遠東、澳洲、等地 棒刺蛛亞科 Selenocosmiinae）
[編輯]
- 纓毛蛛屬 Chilobrachys Karsch, 1891
- Coremiocnemis Simon, 1892
- 單壁蛛屬 Haplocosmia Schmidt & von Wirth, 1996
- Lyrognathus Pocock, 1895
- Orphnaecus Simon, 1892
- 美焰蛛屬 Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897
- Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895
- Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock, 1895
- Psalmopoeus chronoarachne Peñaherrera-R. & León-E, 2023[2]
- Psalmopoeus ecclesiasticus Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus emeraldus Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus irminia Saager, 1994
- Psalmopoeus langenbucheri Schmidt, Bullmer & Thierer-Lutz, 2006
- Psalmopoeus maya Witt, 1996
- Psalmopoeus plantaris Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus pulcher Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Psalmopoeus reduncus (Karsch, 1880)
- Psalmopoeus satanas Peñaherrera-R. & León-E, 2023[2]
- Psalmopoeus victori Mendoza, 2014
- Selenobrachys Schmidt, 1999
- 棒刺蛛屬 Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871
- Selenotholus Hogg, 1902
- Selenotypus Pocock, 1895
- Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871
- Tapinauchenius brunneus Schmidt, 1995
- Tapinauchenius cupreus Schmidt & Bauer, 1996
- Tapinauchenius gretae Cifuentes & Bertani, 2022
- Tapinauchenius herrerai Gabriel & Sherwood, 2022
- Tapinauchenius latipes L.Koch, 1875
- Tapinauchenius plumipes (C.L.Koch, 1842)
- Tapinauchenius polybotes Hüsser, 2018
- Tapinauchenius rasti Hüsser, 2018
- Tapinauchenius sanctivincenti (Walckenaer, 1837)
- 雅美蛛屬 Yamia Kishida, 1920，為Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897的異名
（印度，非洲 Selengyrinae）
[編輯]
- Annandaliella Hirst, 1909
- Euphrictus Hirst, 1908
- Selenogyrus Pocock, 1897
（非洲西部 Stromatopelmina）
[編輯]- Encyocratella Strand, 1907
- Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899
- Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881
（南、北美洲 狒蛛亞科 Theraphosinae）
[編輯]
- Acanthoscurria Ausserer, 1871
- Aenigmarachne Schmidt, 2005
- Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901
- Bonnetina Vol, 2000
- 短尾蛛屬 Brachypelma Simon, 1891
- Caribena Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Chromatopelma Schmidt, 1995
- Citharacanthus Pocock, 1901
- Clavopelma Chamberlin, 1940
- Crassicrus Reichling & West, 1996
- Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871
- Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903
- Cyrtopholis Simon, 1892
- Euathlus Ausserer, 1875
- Eupalaestrus Pocock, 1901
- Grammostola Simon, 1892
- Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875
- Hapalotremus Simon, 1903
- 半損蛛屬 Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903
- Homoeomma Ausserer, 1871
- Iracema Pérez-Miles, 2000
- Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850
- Lasiodorides Schmidt & Bischoff, 1997
- Megaphobema Pocock, 1901
- Melloleitaoina Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1960
- Metriopelma Becker, 1878
- Nesipelma Schmidt & Kovarik, 1996
- Nhandu Lucas, 1983
- Ozopactus Simon, 1889
- Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901
- Paraphysa Simon, 1892
- Phormictopus Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma aspidosperma Ferretti & Barneche, 2013
- Plesiopelma gertschi (Caporiacco, 1955)
- Plesiopelma imperatrix Piza, 1976
- Plesiopelma insulare (Mello-Leitão, 1923)
- Plesiopelma longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942)[3]
- Plesiopelma minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943)
- Plesiopelma myodes Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma paganoi Ferretti & Barneche, 2013
- Plesiopelma physopus (Mello-Leitão, 1926)
- Plesiopelma rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923)
- Plesiopelma semiaurantiacum (Simon, 1897)
- Pseudhapalopus Strand, 1907
- Reversopelma Schmidt, 2001
- Schismatothele Karsch, 1879
- Schizopelma F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1897
- Sericopelma Ausserer, 1875
- Sphaerobothria Karsch, 1879
- Stenotarsus Tesmoingt & Schmidt, 2002
- Stichoplastoris Rudloff, 1997
- 捕鳥蛛屬 Theraphosa Thorell, 1870
- Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994
- Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892
- Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1993
- Xenesthis Simon, 1891
（印度 Selenogyrinae）
[編輯]- Haploclastus Simon, 1892
- Thrigmopoeus Pocock, 1899
其他
[編輯]- Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Neischnocolus amazonica (Jimenez & Bertani, 2008)
- Neischnocolus armihuariensis (Kaderka, 2014)
- Neischnocolus caxiuana (Pérez-Miles, Miglio & Bonaldo, 2008)
- Neischnocolus cisnerosi [4]
- Neischnocolus iquitos Kaderka, 2020
- Neischnocolus mecana Echeverri, Gómez Torres, Pinel & Perafán, 2023
- Neischnocolus obscurus (Ausserer, 1875)
- Neischnocolus panamanus Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Neischnocolus pijaos (Jimenez & Bertani, 2008)
- Neischnocolus tsere [4]
- Neischnocolus valentinae (Almeida, Salvatierra & de Morais, 2019)
- Neischnocolus weinmanni (Pérez-Miles, 2008)
- Neischnocolus yupanquii (Pérez-Miles, Gabriel & Gallon, 2008)
- Neoheterophrictus Siliwal & Raven, 2012
- Neoheterophrictus amboli Mirza & Sanap, 2014
- Neoheterophrictus bhori (Gravely, 1915)
- Neoheterophrictus chimminiensis Sunil Jose, 2020
- Neoheterophrictus crurofulvus Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus (Gravely, 1935)
- Neoheterophrictus sahyadri Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Neoheterophrictus smithi Mirza, Bhosale & Sanap, 2014
- Neoheterophrictus uttarakannada Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Pterinopelma Pocock, 1901
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bertani R, Fukushima CS. 2009. Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C.L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) – three possibly threatened Brazilian species. Zootaxa. 2223: 25–47.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Pedro Peñaherrera-R. and Roberto J. León-E. 2023. On Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) Species and Tarantula Conservation in Ecuador. ZooKeys. 1186: 185-205. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1186.108991
- ^ Ferretti Nelson, Nicoletta Micaela, Soresi Daniela, An integrative taxonomy approach evaluates the limits of the widespread tarantula Plesiopelma longisternale (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) and reveals a new species from Argentina, Zoologischer Anzeiger, Volume 308, 2024, Pages 131-143, ISSN 0044-5231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2023.12.003.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Pedro Peñaherrera-R., Ariel Guerrero-Campoverde, Roberto J. León-E., Andrés Pinos-Sánchez, José M. Falcón-Reibán. 2023. Two New Species of Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Eastern and Western Ecuador. Zootaxa. 5351(4); 483-493. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.4.6
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Siliwal, M., N. Gupta and R. Raven. 2012. A New Genus of the Family Theraphosidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) with description of three new species from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 4(14): 3233–3254
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Bertani, R., Nagahama, R.H. and Fukushima, C.S. 2011. Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Zootaxa. 2814: 1–18.
