英語中的國家前綴

英語中的國家前綴（複數：Nationality prefixes）指的是表示某國家、地區、民族或語言的一種前綴。這樣的前綴有三種，一種是國家名字不變的，如伊拉克-科威特戰爭（Iraq-Kuwait War），伊拉克一詞就沒有變化；另一種是國家名字被添加了-o-這一成分的前綴，這樣的前綴不少來自拉丁語；還有一種前綴是該國家的名字或其形容詞形式的縮寫，如British（英國的）的縮寫而成的前綴為Brit-，由其衍生出的單詞有Britpop（英式搖滾）。需要注意的是，像Chinglish（中式英語）、Eurasia（歐亞大陸）之類的詞語是兩個單詞各取一部分而混合而成的，而不是以一個國家前綴與一個後綴合成的。

-o-成分的作用[編輯]

在英語中，-o-這個成分可以是一個插在兩個詞素間的起連接作用的元音。它的前後各是一個輔音性質的成分。它的插入緩和了發音，但是不會對詞意造成影響。它類似於漢語裏的詩歌、歌詞中的襯字「來」，如：八月里來桂花香。英語中的這個成分通常被用在古希臘語來源的詞語中，但是它也能被用在現代的單詞甚至縮寫詞之中。

舉例：

epheb(e)（青少年） + -o- + philia（愛） = ephebophilia（戀<青春期及青春期之後的>少年癖）

speed（速度） + -o- + meter（計量器） = speedometer（速度計）

blog（博客） + -o- + sphere（範圍） = blogosphere（博客圈）

現有國家的o結尾式前綴[編輯]

漢語	英語	前綴
埃及	Egypt	Egypto-, Ægypto-
愛爾蘭	Ireland	Hiberno-（來自拉丁語Hibernia，愛爾蘭的拉丁名字）
奧地利	Austria	Austro-
澳大利亞	Australia	Australo-
保加利亞	Bulgaria	Bulgaro-
比利時	Belgium	Belgo-
波蘭	Poland	Polono-
丹麥	Denmark	Dano-
德國	Germany	Germano-, Teuto-（來自條頓）
俄羅斯	Russia	Russo-
法國	France	Franco-, Gallo-（來自拉丁語Gallus，「高盧」）
芬蘭	Finland	Fenno-, Finno-
荷蘭	Netherlands	Batavo-（來自巴達維亞）
捷克	Czech	Czecho-
克羅地亞	Croatia	Croato-
馬來	Malay	Malayo-
美國	America	Americo-
蒙古	Mongolia	Mongolo-
挪威	Norway	Norwego-（英語中Norway的形容詞形式為Norwegian）
葡萄牙	Portugal	Luso-（來自拉丁語Lūsitānia，「路西塔尼亞」）
日本	Japan	Japano-, Yamato-（來自大和，假名：やまと，轉寫：Yamato）, Nihono-/Nippono-/Nippo-（來自日本，假名：にほん或にっぽん，轉寫：Nihon或Nippon）
瑞典	Sweden	Swedo-
瑞士	Switzerland	Helveto-（來自赫爾維蒂）
塞爾維亞	Serbia	Serbo-
塞浦路斯	Cyprus	Cypro-
斯洛文尼亞	Slovenia	Sloveno-
土耳其	Turkey	Turco-, Turko-
西班牙	Spain	Hispano-（來自拉丁語Hispānia，「西班牙」）
希臘	Greece	Greco-, Graeco-, Græco-, Helleno-（來自希臘語Ἑλλάς，轉寫：Hellas，「希臘」）
匈牙利	Hungary	Hungaro-
敘利亞	Syria	Syro-
亞美尼亞	Armenia	Armeno-
伊朗	Iran	Irano-
意大利	Italy	Italo-
印度	India	Indo-
英國	United Kingdom	Anglo-（來自盎格魯）
中國	China	Sino-（來自拉丁語Sinae，「中國人」，歸根結底來自漢語秦）

以前的國家以及地區、群體等的o結尾式前綴[編輯]

漢語	英語	前綴
阿拉伯	Arabia	Arabo-
巴爾幹	Balkans	Balkano-
波羅的	Baltic	Balto-
波斯	Persia	Perso-
達契亞	Dacian	Daco-
非洲	Africa	Afro-
胡利安	Hurrian	Hurro-
加泰羅尼亞	Catalan	Catalano-
凱爾特	Celtic	Celto-, Cymro-（來自Cymro，威爾斯人對自己的稱呼，引申為凱爾特人；或來自Cymru，威爾斯人對威爾斯的稱呼，引申為凱爾特^[1]^[2]^[3]）
拉丁	Latins	Latino-
雷蒂亞	Rhaetians	Rhaeto-, Rhæto-
羅姆、吉普賽	Romani, Gypsies	Romano-
尼羅	Nile	Nilo-
歐洲、歐盟	Europe, European Union	Euro-
普魯士	Prussia	Prusso-
薩赫勒	Sahel	Sahelo-
斯基泰	Scythia	Scytho-
色雷斯	Thracian	Thraco-
斯巴達	Sparta	Lacono-（來自斯巴達人生活過的拉科尼亞）
斯堪的納維亞	Scandinavia	Scando-
斯拉夫	Slavs	Slavo-
蘇格蘭	Scotland	Scoto-
威爾斯	Wales	Cambro-（來自拉丁語Cambria，威爾斯的拉丁名字^[4]^[5]）, Cymro-（來自Cymro，威爾斯人對自己的稱呼；或來自Cymru，威爾斯人對威爾斯的稱呼^[6]^[7]^[8]）
烏拉爾	Ural	Uralo-
西藏	Tibet	Tibeto-
西西里	Sicilian	Siculo-^[9]
伊斯的利亞	Istria	Istro-
伊比利亞	Iberia	Ibero-
猶太	Jews	Judaeo-, Judæo-Judeo-（猶太人生活的地方叫Judaea）

縮寫式前綴[編輯]

漢語	英語	前綴	舉例
朝鮮、韓國	Korean	K-	K-Horror（韓國恐怖片）
菲律賓	Filipino	Fil-	Fil-Am（菲律賓裔美國人）
日本	Japanese	J-	J-Horror（日本恐怖小說）
英國	British	Brit-	Britpop（英式搖滾）

使用[編輯]

在一個單詞中，該前綴後面不加連接符號，而直接與詞語的另一構詞成分組合。如Anglophile（親英派），由Anglo-與表示喜愛的-phile結合。

在兩個國家的聯合詞組中，前面的一個國家使用國家前綴，後一個國家仍然使用本身的形式，兩詞用連接符號連接，之後空一格，再加上後面的單詞。如Sino-Japanese War（中日戰爭），「中國人」使用前綴Sino-，而「日本人」不使用前綴Japano-，而使用Japanese。

在翻譯為漢語時，這些前綴通常也譯為一個字，而不譯為全稱，如Sino-Japanese War譯為「中日戰爭」，不譯為「中國人-日本人戰爭」。

參考[編輯]

^ 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), 「Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe」, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome
^ 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, 「The Ethnology of West Yorkshire」, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.
^ 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...]
^ 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.
^ 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.
^ 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.
^ 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.
^ 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, 「Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ」, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.
^ 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]

[1] 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), 「Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe」, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome

[2] 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, 「The Ethnology of West Yorkshire」, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair.

[3] 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...]

[4] 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race.

[5] 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'.

[6] 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon.

[7] 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time.

[8] 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, 「Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ」, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation.

[9] 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]

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