用戶:Hidayetullah/沙盒6

維基百科，自由的百科全書
  此用戶頁的主題是包括各個歷史時期、各地區不同分支的波斯語。關於作為伊朗官方語言的現代波斯語，請見「新波斯語」。
Persian
Fārsi
فارسی‎
Fārsi written in Persian (Nastaʿlīq script)
發音[fɒːɾˈsiː]
母語國家和地區
母語使用人數
45 million (2007)[6] – 60 million （2009）[5]
(110 million total speakers)[5]
語系
早期形式
標準形式
方言
文字
官方地位
作為官方語言
管理機構
語言代碼
ISO 639-1fa
ISO 639-2per （B）
fas （T）
ISO 639-3fas——囊括代碼（英語：ISO 639 macrolanguage）
各項代碼：
pes – Western Persian
prs – Dari language (Afghan Persian)
tgk – Tajiki
aiq – Aimaq dialect
bhh – Bukhori dialect
haz – Hazaragi dialect
jpr – Judeo-Persian
phv – Pahlavani
deh – Dehwari
jdt – Judeo-Tat
ttt – Caucasian Tat
Glottologfars1254[7]
語言瞭望站
58-AAC (Wider Persian)
 > 58-AAC-c (Central Persian)
Areas with significant numbers of Persian speakers (including dialects)
  Countries where Persian is an official language
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Template:Contains Perso-Arabic text

Persian (/ˈpɜːrʒən/ or /ˈpɜːrʃən/), also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی‎ fārsi [fɒːɾˈsiː]  ( 發音)), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (officially known as Dari since 1958),[8] and Tajikistan (officially known as Tajiki since the Soviet era),[9] and some other regions which historically were Persianate societies and considered part of Greater Iran. It is written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script.

The Persian language is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenid Empire.[10][11][12] Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages.[13] Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis (modern-day Fars Province), hence the name Persian (Farsi).[14] A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone.[15]

There are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a prestigious cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia by the various empires based in the regions.[16]

Persian has had a considerable (mainly lexical) influence on neighboring languages, particularly the Turkic languages in Central Asia, Caucasus, and Anatolia, neighboring Iranian languages, as well as Armenian, Georgian, and Indo-Aryan languages, especially Urdu (a register of Hindustani). It also exerted some influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic,[17] while borrowing much vocabulary from it after the Arab conquest of Iran.[10][13][18][19][20][21][22]

With a long history of literature in the form of Middle Persian before Islam, Persian was the first language in the Muslim world to break through Arabic's monopoly on writing, and the writing of poetry in Persian was established as a court tradition in many eastern courts.[16] Some of the famous works of Persian literature are the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the works of Rumi, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, the Panj Ganj of Nizami Ganjavi, the Divān of Hafez and the two miscellanea of prose and verse by Saadi Shirazi, the Gulistan and the Bustan.

波斯語（波斯語：زبان فارسی / Zabân-i Fârsî；英語：Persian language）所知）是印度 - 伊朗語言家族印度 - 伊朗分支中的西方伊朗語言之一。這主要是在伊朗，阿富汗（自1958年以來正式名叫達里）[8]和塔吉克斯坦（蘇維埃時代以來正式名為塔吉克）[9]以及其他一些歷史上是波斯尼亞社會的地區，並被認為是大部分地區的一部分伊朗。它是用波斯字母寫的，是阿拉伯語腳本的修改版本。 波斯語被歸類為中波斯，薩桑帝國的官方宗教和文學語言的延續，本身就是古代波斯語的延續，這是阿契美尼帝國的語言。[10] [11] [12]其語法與許多當代歐洲語言類似[13]波斯人的名字起源於阿契美尼亞帝國的Persis（現代法爾斯省），因此是波斯語（波斯語）。[14]波斯語的人可能被稱為「揚聲器」。[15] 全世界約有1.1億波斯人，其語言在伊朗，阿富汗和塔吉克斯坦擁有正式地位。幾個世紀以來，波斯語在西亞，中亞和南亞其他地區也是各地區各種帝國的着名文化語言。[16] 波斯語對相鄰語言，特別是中亞，高加索和安納托利亞，鄰國伊朗語言以及亞美尼亞，格魯吉亞和印度 - 雅利安語言的突厥語言（特別是烏爾都語）印度斯坦）。它也對阿拉伯語，特別是巴哈馬語阿拉伯語[17]產生了一些影響，而在阿拉伯征服伊朗之後借用了很多詞彙[10] [13] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] 波斯語在伊斯蘭教之前以中波斯坦文學的悠久歷史，是穆斯林世界中突破阿拉伯語寫作壟斷的第一語言，在波斯語中寫詩作為法院傳統，在許多東方法院被確立。 [16]一些着名的波斯文學作品是費爾多西的Shahnameh，Rumi的作品，Omar Khayyam的Rubaiyat，Nizami Ganjavi的Panj Ganj，Hafez的Divān以及Saadi Shirazi，Gulistan的散文和詩歌的兩個錯誤和布斯坦。

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Samadi, Habibeh; Nick Perkins. Martin Ball; David Crystal; Paul Fletcher , 編. Assessing Grammar: The Languages of Lars. Multilingual Matters. 2012: 169. ISBN 978-1-84769-637-3. 
  2. ^ IRAQ. [7 November 2014]. 
  3. ^ Pilkington, Hilary; Yemelianova, Galina. Islam in Post-Soviet Russia. Taylor & Francis. 2004: 27. ISBN 978-0-203-21769-6. : "Among other indigenous peoples of Iranian origin were the Tats, the Talishes and the Kurds"
  4. ^ Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkin, Lev. An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1996. ISBN 978-0-313-29315-3. , p. 80: "The Iranian Peoples (Ossetians, Tajiks, Tats, Mountain Judaists)"
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian Languages, Routledge 2009, p. 418.
  6. ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  7. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Farsic – Caucasian Tat. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  8. ^ Asta Olesen, "Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Volume 3", Psychology Press, 1995. pg 205: "There began a general promotion of the Pashto language at the expense of Fārsi – previously dominant at the educational and administrative level – and the term 'Dari' for the Afghan version of Persian came into common use, being officially adopted in 1958"
  9. ^ Baker, Mona. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Psychology Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-415-25517-2. , pg 518: "among them the realignment of Central Asian Persian, renamed Tajiki by the Soviet Union"
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language" in Frye, R. N., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. "The language known as New Persian, which usually is called at this period (early Islamic times) by the name of Dari or Farsi-Dari, can be classified linguistically as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of Sassanian Iran, itself a continuation of Old Persian, the language of the Achaemenids. Unlike the other languages and dialects, ancient and modern, of the Iranian group such as Avestan, Parthian, Soghdian, Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, etc., Old Persian, Middle and New Persian represent one and the same language at three states of its history. It had its origin in Fars (the true Persian country from the historical point of view) and is differentiated by dialectical features, still easily recognizable from the dialect prevailing in north-western and eastern Iran."
  11. ^ Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, "Sociolinguistics Hsk 3/3 Series Volume 3 of Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society", Walter de Gruyter, 2006. 2nd edition. pg 1912. Excerpt: "Middle Persian, also called Pahlavi is a direct continuation of old Persian, and was used as the written official language of the country." "However, after the Moslem conquest and the collapse of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi language was gradually replaced by Dari, a variety of Middle Persian, with considerable loan elements from Arabic and Parthian."
  12. ^ Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006). Encyclopedia Iranica, "Iran, vi. Iranian languages and scripts, "new Persian, is "the descendant of Middle Persian" and has since been "official language of Iranian states for centuries", whereas for other non-Persian Iranian languages "close genetic relationships are difficult to establish" between their different (Middle and Modern) stages. Modern Yaḡnōbi belongs to the same dialect group as Sogdian, but is not a direct descendant; Bactrian may be closely related to modern Yidḡa and Munji (Munjāni); and Wakhi (Wāḵi) belongs with Khotanese."
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Richard Davis, "Persian" in Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach, "Medieval Islamic Civilization", Taylor & Francis, 2006. pp. 602–603. "The grammar of New Persian is similar to many contemporary European languages."Similarly, the core vocabulary of Persian continued to be derived from Pahlavi.
  14. ^ Persian or Farsi?. parents.berkeley.edu. [2016-02-27]. 
  15. ^ "Modernity and Modernism in Persophone Literary History", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Encyclopædia Britannica: Persian literature, retrieved September 2011.
  17. ^ Holes, Clive. Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. 2001. ISBN 90-04-10763-0. , p. XXX
  18. ^ Lazard, Gilbert, "Pahlavi, Pârsi, dari: Les langues d'Iran d'apès Ibn al-Muqaffa" in R.N. Frye, Iran and Islam. In Memory of the late Vladimir Minorsky, Edinburgh University Press, 1971.
  19. ^ Nushin Namazi. Persian Loan Words in Arabic. 24 November 2008 [1 June 2009]. 
  20. ^ Classe, Olive. Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. 2000: 1057. ISBN 1-884964-36-2. Since the Arab conquest of the country in 7th century AD, many loan words have entered the language (which from this time has been written with a slightly modified version of the Arabic script) and the literature has been heavily influenced by the conventions of Arabic literature. 
  21. ^ Ann K. S. Lambton, Persian grammar, Cambridge University Press 1953. "The Arabic words incorporated into the Persian language have become Persianized".
  22. ^ Most similar languages to Persian, ezglot.com
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