單家蟻屬

單家蟻屬
	法老蟻 Monomorium pharaonis（英語：Monomorium pharaonis）與原子筆筆尖作為比例尺
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	節肢動物門 Arthropoda
綱：	昆蟲綱 Insecta
目：	膜翅目 Hymenoptera
科：	蟻科 Formicidae
亞科：	家蟻亞科 Myrmicinae
屬：	小家蟻屬 Monomorium; Mayr（英語：Gustav Mayr）, 1855
模式種
	Monomorium monomorium; Bolton, 1987
異名
	Antichthonidris; Chelaner; Epelysidris; Nothidris; Phacota; Syllophopsis; others

單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）又稱小家蟻屬，為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種^[1]。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區^[2]。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老小家蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花居小家蟻 (M. floricola )^[3]。

物種描述

該屬形態及體型變異較大^[3]。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針^[4]。

分類學

單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬^[4]，作者同時也推測 Anillomyrma（英語：Anillomyrma）、Megalomyrmex（英語：Megalomyrmex） 和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬^[4]。

如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )^[5]。

習性

大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中^[2]。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子^[6]。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵^[7]。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄^[8]。

下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

Monomorium abeillei Andre, 1881
Monomorium aberrans Forel, 1902
Monomorium abyssinicum (Forel, 1894)
Monomorium acutinode Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium adiastolon Heterick
Monomorium advena Brown & Wilson, 1957
Monomorium affabile Santschi, 1926
Monomorium afrc
Monomorium afrum Andre, 1884
Monomorium aithoderum
Monomorium alamarum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium albipes
Monomorium albopilosum Emery, 1895
Monomorium algiricum (Bernard, 1955)
Monomorium altinode Santschi, 1910
Monomorium ambvky
Monomorium anceps Emery, 1895
Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890
Monomorium angustinode Forel, 1913
Monomorium annamense Donisthorpe, 1941
Monomorium antarcticum (Smith, 1858)
Monomorium antipodum Forel, 1901
Monomorium aper Emery, 1914
Monomorium arboreum Weber, 1943
Monomorium areniphilum Santschi, 1911
Monomorium armstrongi McAreavey, 1949
Monomorium arnoldi Forel, 1913
Monomorium atomum Forel, 1902
Monomorium aureorugosum Heterick
Monomorium australe Emery, 1886
Monomorium australicum Forel, 1907
Monomorium baal Wheeler & Mann, 1916
Monomorium balathir Bolton, 1987
Monomorium banksi Forel, 1910
Monomorium barbatulum Mayr, 1877
Monomorium basale
Monomorium bequaerti Forel, 1913
Monomorium bevisi Arnold, 1944
Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877
Monomorium bicorne Forel, 1907
Monomorium bifidoclypeatum Heterick
Monomorium bifidum
Monomorium bimaculatum Wheeler, 1928
Monomorium binatu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907
Monomorium biroianum Bolton, 1995
Monomorium bodenheimeri Menozzi, 1929
Monomorium boerorum Forel, 1910
Monomorium bogischi Wheeler, 1917
Monomorium boltoni Espadaler & Agosti, 1987
Monomorium borlei Santschi, 1937
Monomorium brasiliense Forel, 1908
布朗氏小家蟻 Monomorium braunsi Mayr, 1901
Monomorium broomense Forel, 1915
Monomorium broschorum Sparks
Monomorium butteli Forel, 1913
Monomorium buxtoni Crawley, 1920
Monomorium capeyork Sparks
Monomorium captator Santschi, 1936
Monomorium carbo Forel, 1910
Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858)
Monomorium centrale Forel, 1910
Monomorium chilensis
中華小家蟻 Monomorium chinense Santschi, 1925
Monomorium chnodes Heterick
Monomorium chobauti (Emery, 1896)
Monomorium clarinodis Heterick
Monomorium clavicorne Andre, 1881
Monomorium coecum
Monomorium compressum Wheeler, 1914
Monomorium consternens (Walker, 1859)
Monomorium crawleyi Santschi, 1930
Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908)
Monomorium criniceps (Mayr, 1879)
Monomorium cristatum
Monomorium croceiventre Emery, 1914
Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi, 1921)
Monomorium cyaneum Wheeler, 1914
Monomorium dakarense Santschi, 1914
Monomorium damarense Forel, 1910
Monomorium decuria
Monomorium delabiei
Monomorium delagoense Forel, 1894
Monomorium demisum Santschi, 1936
Monomorium dentatum
Monomorium denticulatum Mayr
Monomorium denticulum Heterick
Monomorium dentigerum (Roger, 1862)
Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851)
Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902
Monomorium dictator Santschi, 1937
Monomorium dilatatum Bernard, 1977
Monomorium disertum Forel, 1913
Monomorium disoriente Bolton, 1987
Monomorium dispar
Monomorium dolatu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium donisthorpei Crawley, 1915
Monomorium drapenum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium draxocum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium ebangaense Santschi, 1937
Monomorium ebeninum Forel, 1891
Monomorium edentatum Emery, 1897
Monomorium effractor Bolton, 1987
Monomorium egens Forel, 1910
Monomorium elghazalyi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2017
Monomorium elgonense (Santschi, 1935)
Monomorium elongatum Smith, 1876
Monomorium emarginatum DuBois, 1986
Monomorium emeryi Mayr, 1895
Monomorium epinotale Santschi, 1923
Monomorium eremoides Sparks
Monomorium eremum Sparks
Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler, 1904
Monomorium esharre Bolton, 1987
Monomorium euryodon
Monomorium evansi Donisthorpe, 1918
Monomorium excelsior Arnold, 1926
Monomorium excensurae Forel, 1915
Monomorium exchao Santschi, 1926
Monomorium exiguum Forel, 1894
Monomorium falcatum (McAreavey, 1949)
Monomorium fasciatum Santschi, 1920
Monomorium fastidium Bolton, 1987
Monomorium fayfaense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium ferodens Heterick
Monomorium fezzanense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium fieldi Forel, 1910
Monomorium firmum Santschi, 1926
Monomorium fisheri Heterick
Monomorium flavigaster (Clark, 1938)
Monomorium flavimembra Heterick
Monomorium flavipes Clark, 1938
Monomorium flavum Collingwood, 1961
Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851)
Monomorium forcipatum Emery, 1914
Monomorium foreli Viehmeyer, 1914
Monomorium fraterculum Santschi, 1919
Monomorium fridae Forel, 1905
Monomorium fugelanum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium fulvum
Monomorium gabrielense Forel, 1916
Monomorium geminum Sparks
Monomorium gilberti Forel, 1902
Monomorium glabrum (Andre, 1883)
Monomorium gongromos Heterick
Monomorium gracillimum Smith
Monomorium grassei (Tohme, 1980)
Monomorium guillarmodi Arnold, 1946
Monomorium guineense (Bernard, 1953)
Monomorium hanaqe Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium hanneli Forel, 1907
Monomorium hannonis Santschi, 1910
Monomorium havilandi Forel, 1910
Monomorium heggyi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
Monomorium hemame Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium hercules Viehmeyer, 1923
Monomorium herero Forel, 1910
Monomorium hertogi Sparks
Monomorium hesperium
Emery, 1915
- Monomorium hesperium lanzarotense Wheeler, W.M., 1927
Monomorium hildebrandti Forel, 1892
Monomorium hirsutum Forel, 1910
Monomorium hiten Terayama, 1996
Monomorium hoffmanni Sparks
Monomorium holothir Bolton, 1987
Monomorium hospitum Viehmeyer, 1916
Monomorium howense Wheeler, 1927
Monomorium humilior Forel, 1910
Monomorium ilgii Forel, 1894
Monomorium ilium Forel, 1907
Monomorium imerinense Forel, 1892
Monomorium impexum Wheeler, 1928
Monomorium indet
Monomorium indicum Forel, 1902
Monomorium infuscum Heterick
Monomorium inquietum Santschi, 1926
Monomorium inquilinum DuBois, 1981
Monomorium insolescens Wheeler, 1934
Monomorium insulare Clark, 1938
Monomorium integrum
黑腹小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens
Smith, 1874
- 皮氏小家蟻 Monomorium intrudens pieli Santschi,1925
Monomorium inusuale
Monomorium invidium Bolton, 1987
Monomorium iyenasu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium jacksoni Bolton, 1987
Monomorium jonesi Arnold, 1952
Monomorium jucundum Sant.
Monomorium junodi Forel, 1910
Monomorium katir Bolton, 1987
Monomorium kelapre Bolton, 1987
Monomorium kempi Mukerjee, 1930
Monomorium khalidi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021
Monomorium kidman Sparks
Monomorium kiliani Forel, 1902
Monomorium kineti Weber, 1943
Monomorium kitectum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium kondratieffi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
Monomorium kugitangi Dlussky, 1990
Monomorium kugleri Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2009
Monomorium kusnezovi Santschi, 1928
Monomorium laeve Mayr, 1876
Monomorium lameerei (Forel, 1902)
Monomorium latastei Emery
Monomorium latinode Mayr, 1872
Monomorium latinodoides Wheeler, 1928
Monomorium leae Forel, 1913
Monomorium leda Forel, 1915
Monomorium legulum
Monomorium lene Santschi, 1920
Monomorium leopoldinum Forel, 1905
Monomorium lepidum Heterick
Monomorium libanicum Tohme, 1980
Monomorium liliuokalanii Forel, 1899
Monomorium lindbergi Pisarski, 1967
Monomorium longi Forel, 1902
Monomorium longiceps Wheeler, 1934
Monomorium longinode
Monomorium longipes Emery, 1914
Monomorium longiusculum
Monomorium lubricum Arnold, 1948
Monomorium luisae Forel, 1904
Monomorium luteum Emery, 1881
Monomorium macareaveyi (Ettershank, 1966)
Monomorium macrops Arnold, 1944
Monomorium madecassum Forel, 1892
Monomorium major Bernard, 1953
Monomorium malamixtum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium malatu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium mandibulare
Monomorium manir Bolton, 1987
Monomorium mantazenum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium marjoriae DuBois, 1986
Monomorium marshi Bolton, 1987
Monomorium maryannae Sparks
Monomorium mavide Bolton, 1987
Monomorium mayri Forel, 1902
Monomorium mayrianum Wheeler, 1915
Monomorium medinae Forel, 1892
Monomorium mediocre Santschi, 1920
Monomorium melleum Emery, 1914
Monomorium merepah Sparks
Monomorium micrommaton Heterick, 2006
Monomorium micron Crawley, 1925
Monomorium micropacum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium mictile Forel, 1910
Monomorium minimum (Buckley, 1867)
Monomorium minor Stitz, 1923
Monomorium mirandum Arnold, 1955
Monomorium mitchell Sparks
Monomorium moathi Sharaf & Collingwood, 2010
Monomorium modestum Santschi, 1914
Monomorium moestum
Monomorium mohammedi Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2018
單小家蟻 Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987
Monomorium musicum Forel, 1910
Monomorium muticum (Emery, 1887)
Monomorium nengraharicum Pisarski, 1970
Monomorium nigricans Heterick
Monomorium niloticum Emery, 1881
Monomorium nimihil Collingwood, 2004
Monomorium nirvanum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium nitidiventre Emery, 1893
Monomorium notulum Forel, 1910
Monomorium noualhieri (Emery, 1915)
Monomorium noxitum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium nuptualis Forel, 1913
Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, 1922
Monomorium occidentale Bernard, 1953
Monomorium ocellatum Arnold, 1920
Monomorium oodnadatta Sparks
Monomorium opacior Forel, 1913
Monomorium opacum Forel, 1913
Monomorium ophthalmicum Forel, 1894
Monomorium orangiae Arnold, 1956
Monomorium orientale Mayr, 1879
Monomorium oscaris Forel, 1894
Monomorium osiridis Santschi, 1915
Monomorium pacis Forel, 1915
Monomorium pallidipes Forel, 1910
Monomorium pallidum Donisthorpe, 1918
Monomorium parvinode Forel, 1894
Monomorium paternum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium pergandei (Emery, 1893)
Monomorium perplexum Radchenko, 1997
Monomorium personatum Santschi, 1937
法老小家蟻 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) 小黃家蟻、法老小家蟻法老蟻
Monomorium phoeniceum Santschi, 1927
Monomorium phoenicium Santschi, 1927
Monomorium phoenicum Santschi, 1927
Monomorium pilbara Sparks
Monomorium pilipes Mayr, 1868
Monomorium platynode
Monomorium platynodis Heterick
Monomorium pulchrum Santschi, 1926
Monomorium rabirium Bolton, 1987
Monomorium rastractum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium rhopalocerum Emery, 1895
Monomorium robustior Forel, 1892
Monomorium rogeri (Mayr, 1865)
Monomorium rosae Santschi, 1920
Monomorium rothsteini Forel, 1902
Monomorium rotundatum Santschi, 1920
Monomorium rubriceps Mayr, 1876
Monomorium rufulum Stitz, 1923
Monomorium ruzskyi Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
Monomorium sagei Forel, 1902
Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898
Monomorium sakalavum Santschi, 1928
Monomorium salomonis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Monomorium sanguinolentum Wheeler, 1927
Monomorium santschii (Forel, 1905)
Monomorium sarawatensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013
Monomorium scabriceps (Mayr, 1879)
Monomorium schultzei Forel, 1910
Monomorium schurri Forel, 1902
Monomorium sculpturatum Clark, 1934
Monomorium sechellense Emery, 1894
Monomorium senegalense Roger, 1862
Monomorium sersalatum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium setuliferum Forel, 1910
Monomorium shilohense Forel, 1913
Monomorium shuckardi Forel, 1895
Monomorium silvestrii Wheeler, 1927
Monomorium smithii Forel, 1892
Monomorium sommieri Emery, 1908
Monomorium sordidum Forel, 1902
Monomorium spatulicorne Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926
Monomorium spectrum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium speculiceps
Monomorium speculum Sparks
Monomorium speluncarum Santschi, 1914
Monomorium springvalense Forel, 1913
Monomorium sryetum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium stagnum Sparks
Monomorium stictonotum
Monomorium strangulatum Santschi, 1921
Monomorium striatifrons
Monomorium subapterum Wheeler, 1917
Monomorium subcoecum Emery, 1894
Monomorium subdentatum Forel, 1913
Monomorium subopacum (Smith, 1858)
Monomorium suteri Forel, 1892
Monomorium sutu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium sydneyense Forel, 1902
Monomorium symmotu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium syriacum (Tohme, 1980)
Monomorium tablense Santschi, 1932
Monomorium taedium Bolton, 1987
Monomorium talbotae DuBois, 1981
Monomorium talpa Emery, 1911
Monomorium tambourinense
Monomorium tanysum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium taprobanae Forel, 1913
Monomorium tchelichofi Forel, 1914
Monomorium tenebrosum Sparks
Monomorium termitarium Forel, 1910
Monomorium termitobium Forel, 1892
Monomorium thrascoleptum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium topend Sparks
Monomorium torrens Sparks
Monomorium torvicte Bolton, 1987
Monomorium trageri DuBois, 1986
Monomorium trake Bolton, 1987
Monomorium tricolor Emery, 1914
Monomorium triviale Wheeler, 1906
Monomorium tumaire Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium turneri (Forel, 1910)
Monomorium tynsorum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium vaguum Santschi, 1930
Monomorium valtinum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium vatranum Bolton, 1987
Monomorium vecte Bolton, 1987
Monomorium venustum (Smith, 1858)
Monomorium versicolor Heterick
Monomorium viator Santschi, 1923
Monomorium viride Brown, 1943
Monomorium vitiense Mann, 1921
Monomorium vonatu Bolton, 1987
Monomorium wahibiense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996
Monomorium westi Bolton, 1987
Monomorium wheelerorum DuBois, 1986
Monomorium whitei Wheeler, 1915
Monomorium willowmorense Bolton, 1987
Monomorium wilsoni
Monomorium wroughtoni Forel, 1902
Monomorium wroughtonianum Ettershank, 1966
Monomorium xanthognathum Arnold, 1944
Monomorium xuthosoma Heterick
織女小家蟻 Monomorium zhinu Terayama, 2009
Monomorium zulu Santschi, 1914

參考資料

^ Barry Bolton. AntCat. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-08）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45.
^ Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202.
^ Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60.
^ Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27.
^ Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42.

外部連結

Monomorium. Japanese Ant Image Database.

延伸閱讀

Mashaly, A. M. A. (2010). Monomorium ant's trail pheromones: Glandular source, optimal concentration, longevity and specificity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(1), 23-26.
Mayr, G. (1855). Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im oesterreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufuegung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5, 273-478.

[1] Barry Bolton. AntCat. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-08）.

[alda-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54.

[het03-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53.

[fernandez2007-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45.

[heterick2006-5] Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202.

[6] Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60.

[7] Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27.

[8] Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42.

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