腳橋核

Pedunculopontine nucleus
標識字符
拉丁文	nucleus tegmentalis pedunculopontinus
MeSH	D045042
NeuroNames（英語：NeuroNames）	504
NeuroLex（英語：NeuroLex） ID	birnlex_1437
TA98	A14.1.06.336
TA2	5895
FMA	FMA:72429
	《神經解剖學術語（英語：Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy）》 [在維基數據上編輯]

腳橋核( PPN ) 或腳橋被蓋核( PPT或PPTg ) 是位於腦幹上腦橋的神經元集合。 ^[1] ^[2]它位於黑質尾部，鄰近小腦上腳。它有兩個亞核部分；緻密部主要含有膽鹼能神經元，耗散部主要含有穀氨酸能神經元和一些非膽鹼能神經元。 ^[2]腳橋核是網狀激活系統的主要組成部分之一。 ^[3] ^[4] 1909年，德國神經解剖學家Louis Jacobsohn-Lask首次描述了它。 ^[5] ^[6]

預測[編輯]

腳橋核神經元將軸突投射到大腦的廣泛區域， ^[7]特別是基底神經節的部分，例如丘腦底核、黑質緻密部和蒼白球內部。它還將它們發送到丘腦、小腦、基底前腦、下腦幹、大腦皮層、輔助運動區以及體感和運動皮層的目標。 ^[3] ^[4] ^[8]

它接收來自大腦許多區域的輸入。 ^[7]它既投射到基底神經節的大部分部分，也從其接收輸入，但黑質緻密部（它投射到但不接收輸入）和黑質網狀部（它接收來自但不接收輸入）的輸入除外。不投影到）。 ^[3] ^[4]

功能[編輯]

腳橋核參與許多功能，包括喚醒、注意力、學習、獎勵以及隨意的肢體運動和運動。 ^[9] ^[10]雖然一度被認為對於運動的啟動很重要，但最近的研究表明它在向大腦皮層提供感覺反饋方面發揮着作用。 ^[9]它還與快速眼動睡眠的產生和維持有關。 ^[7]

最近的研究發現，腳橋核參與運動的規劃，並且在真實和想像的運動過程中，腳橋核中的不同神經元網絡被打開。 ^[10]

帕金森病[編輯]

目前正在研究是否可以使用腳橋核的深部腦刺激來改善帕金森病中發現的步態和姿勢困難。 ^[9] ^[11]

參考[編輯]

^ Jankovic, Joseph. Jankovic, Joseph , 編. Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2015: 249–268. ISBN 978-0-323-35446-2.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 French, IT; Muthusamy, KA. A Review of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease.. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2018, 10: 99. PMC 5933166 . PMID 29755338. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00099 .
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Garcia-Rill E. The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog. Neurobiol. 1991, 36 (5): 363–89. PMID 1887068. S2CID 40467457. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90016-t.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Winn P. How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J. Neurol. Sci. October 2006, 248 (1–2): 234–50. PMID 16765383. S2CID 23034945. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.036.
^ Jenkinson N, Nandi D. Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Mov Disord. July 2009, 24 (3): 319–328 [2024-01-29]. PMID 19097193. S2CID 14475183. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-21）.
^ Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Mena-Segovia, Juan; Bolam, J. Paul; Martinez-Gonzalez, Cristina. Topographical Organization of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2011, 5: 22. PMC 3074429 . PMID 21503154. doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00022 .
^ Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. NeuroImage. 2007, 37 (3): 694–705. PMID 17644361. S2CID 3348936. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.050.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 2010, 75 (11): 950–9. PMC 2942031 . PMID 20702790. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Tattersall TL, et al. Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 2014, 17 (3): 449–454 [2024-01-29]. PMID 24487235. S2CID 405368. doi:10.1038/nn.3642. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-24）.
^ Benarroch, Eduardo E. Pedunculopontine nucleus Functional organization and clinical implications. Neurology. 19 March 2013, 80 (12): 1148–1155. PMID 23509047. S2CID 22239596. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182886a76 （英語）.

外部連結[編輯]

Stained brain slice images which include the "pedunculopontine%20nucleus" at the BrainMaps project

[Jankovic-1] Jankovic, Joseph. Jankovic, Joseph , 編. Movement Disorders, An Issue of Neurologic Clinics. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. 2015: 249–268. ISBN 978-0-323-35446-2.

[French-2] 2.0 ^2.1 French, IT; Muthusamy, KA. A Review of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease.. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2018, 10: 99. PMC 5933166 . PMID 29755338. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00099 .

[Garcia-Rill-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Garcia-Rill E. The pedunculopontine nucleus. Prog. Neurobiol. 1991, 36 (5): 363–89. PMID 1887068. S2CID 40467457. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90016-t.

[Winn-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Winn P. How best to consider the structure and function of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J. Neurol. Sci. October 2006, 248 (1–2): 234–50. PMID 16765383. S2CID 23034945. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.036.

[Jenkinson-5] Jenkinson N, Nandi D. Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Mov Disord. July 2009, 24 (3): 319–328 [2024-01-29]. PMID 19097193. S2CID 14475183. doi:10.1002/mds.22189. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-21）.

[6] Über die Kerne des menschlichen Hirnstamms (Medulla oblongata, Pons und Pedunculus cerebri), Berlin, 1909. pag. 58, fig. 22

[frontiersin.org-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Mena-Segovia, Juan; Bolam, J. Paul; Martinez-Gonzalez, Cristina. Topographical Organization of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2011, 5: 22. PMC 3074429 . PMID 21503154. doi:10.3389/fnana.2011.00022 .

[Aravamuthan-8] Aravamuthan BR, Muthusamy KA, Stein JF, Aziz TZ, Johansen-Berg H. Topography of cortical and subcortical connections of the human pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei. NeuroImage. 2007, 37 (3): 694–705. PMID 17644361. S2CID 3348936. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.050.

[Tsang-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Tsang EW, Hamani C, Moro E, Mazzella F, Poon YY, Lozano AM, Chen R. Involvement of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region in voluntary movements. Neurology. 2010, 75 (11): 950–9. PMC 2942031 . PMID 20702790. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f25b35.

[Tattersall-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Tattersall TL, et al. Imagined gait modulates neuronal network dynamics in the human pedunculopontine nucleus (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 2014, 17 (3): 449–454 [2024-01-29]. PMID 24487235. S2CID 405368. doi:10.1038/nn.3642. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2021-02-24）.

[11] Benarroch, Eduardo E. Pedunculopontine nucleus Functional organization and clinical implications. Neurology. 19 March 2013, 80 (12): 1148–1155. PMID 23509047. S2CID 22239596. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182886a76 （英語）.

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