大象的认知
外观
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许多当代动物行为学学者认为大象是已知最聪明的动物之一。它们的大脑重量平均比5公斤(11磅)多一点,超过任何其他现存且已确认过的陆生动物大脑;同时,虽然大型鲸鱼的体重可达大象平均值的20倍,但其大脑重量仅是大象大脑重量平均值的两倍。大象有大约2570亿个神经元。[1] 大象的大脑在一般连接性和功能区域方面,与人类和许多其他哺乳动物的大脑构造相似,但存在一些独特的差异。大象大脑的神经元数量大约是人脑的三倍[2];然而,其大脑皮质的神经元数量约为人类大脑皮质的三分之一[1]。
大象表现出各种各样的认知行为及倾向等,包括与悲伤、学习、模仿、玩耍、利他主义、使用工具、怜悯、合作[3]、自我意识、记忆和沟通相关的行为[4]等。[5][6] 证据显示大象可能理解人类借由手指或类似物体以非语言方式沟通的能力。[7] 它们在有关方面与鲸豚类[8][9][10][11]和灵长目动物相似[9][12][13]。由于大象的高智商和显著的家庭关系表现,一些研究人员认为人类在道德上需要考虑有关方面。[14][15]
亚里士多德将大象描述为“在智慧和思想上超越所有其他动物的动物”。[16]
参看
[编辑]参考资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 Herculano-Houzel, Suzana; Avelino-de-Souza, Kamilla; Neves, Kleber; Porfírio, Jairo; Messeder, Débora; Mattos Feijó, Larissa; Maldonado, José; Manger, Paul R. The elephant brain in numbers. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2014, 8: 46. PMC 4053853 . PMID 24971054. S2CID 17022779. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00046 .
- ^ Roth, Gerhard; Maxim I. Stamenov; Vittorio Gallese. Is the human brain unique?. Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. : 63–76.
- ^ Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; de Waal, F. B. M. Elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task. PNAS. 2011, 108 (12): 5116–5121. PMC 3064331 . PMID 21383191. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108 .
- ^ Parsell, D.L. In Africa, Decoding the "Language" of Elephants. National Geographic News. 2003-02-21 [2007-10-30]. (原始内容存档于2007-10-12).
- ^ It's Time to Accept That Elephants, Like Us, Are Empathetic Beings. Animals. 2014-02-23 [2024-06-05] (英语).
- ^ vea, tanner. Echo: An Elephant to Remember ~ Elephant Emotions | Nature | PBS. Nature. 2010-10-11 [2024-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-05) (美国英语).
- ^ Zimmer, Carl. Elephants Get the Point of Pointing, Study Shows. The New York Times. 10 October 2013 [10 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于10 October 2013).
- ^ Jennifer Viegas. Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins. ABC Science. 2011 [2011-03-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-23).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Jennifer Viegas. Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test. Discovery News. 2011 [2011-03-19]. (原始内容存档于12 April 2011).
- ^ What Makes Dolphins So Smart?. The Ultimate Guide: Dolphins. 1999 [2007-10-30]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-15).
- ^ Mind, memory and feelings. Friends Of The Elephant. [2007-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-18).
- ^ Hart, B.L.; L.A. Hart; M. McCoy; C.R. Sarath. Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching. Animal Behaviour (Academic Press). November 2001, 62 (5): 839–847. S2CID 53184282. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1815.
- ^ Scott, David. Elephants Really Don't Forget. Daily Express. 2007-10-19 [2007-10-30]. (原始内容存档于2008-03-12).
- ^ Tom, Patrick. The Debate Over Elephant Culling: Is it Ever Morally Justified to Cull Elephants? (PDF). Zambezia (University of Zimbabwe). 2002, XXIX (i): 76–81 [79] [2010-08-29]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-06-16).
- ^ Protection, World Animal. Understanding elephant empathy and their emotions. World Animal Protection. 2015-10-07 [2024-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-05) (英国英语).
- ^ O'Connell, Caitlin. The Elephant's Secret Sense: The Hidden Lives of the Wild Herds of Africa. New York City: Simon & Schuster. 2007: 174, 184. ISBN 978-0-7432-8441-7.