亚拉巴马伪龟

亚拉巴马伪龟
	亚拉巴马伪龟
保护状况
	; 濒危（IUCN 2.3）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行纲 Reptilia
目：	龟鳖目 Testudines
亚目：	曲颈龟亚目 Cryptodira
科：	泽龟科 Emydidae
属：	伪龟属 Pseudemys
种：	亚拉巴马伪龟 P. alabamensis
双名法
	Pseudemys alabamensis; Baur, 1893a
异名
	Pseudemys alabamensis Baur, 1893a:224.; Pseudemys rubriventris alabamensis Stejneger, 1938; Pseudemys rubriventris alabamensis Wermuth & Mertens, 1961; Chrysemys (Pseudemys) alabamensis McDowell, 1964:274.; Chrysemys rubriventris alabamensis Obst, 1983a; Pseudemys (Ptychemys) alabamensis Ward, 1984:43.;

亚拉巴马伪龟（学名：Pseudemys alabamensis）是伪龟属（Pseudemys）下的一个物种。原产于美国亚拉巴马州。本种为大型植食性淡水龟，分布于美国南部的阿拉巴马州与密西西比州。种加词源自于其模式产地阿拉巴马州（莫比尔湾，阿拉巴马州）。

俗名

亚拉巴马伪龟为中国译名。亚拉巴马伪龟为英文俗名（Alabama red-bellied cooter）直译。

形态描述

背甲：本种为大型淡水龟，雄性甲长最大可达29.5公分；雌性37.5公分（Dobie, 1993）^[7]。外型呈修长椭圆形且后缘呈轻微锯齿状。雌性个体多具有高圆顶状的背甲。肋盾上的纵向嵴随着年龄与尺寸的增长会更加明显。底色为棕色至深棕色或黑色。肋盾与缘盾具有黄橙色至红色的横向条纹。
腹甲：腹甲为橙色，幼体时的黑色纹路几乎完全消失。
头部、四肢、尾部：上颚中央具有凹槽；凹槽两侧具齿状突起。头顶纹路呈现箭头形。四肢及尾部皮肤呈橄榄绿至黑色，带有黄色或橙色条纹。
幼体：幼体背甲几乎呈圆形，中线上具有一道纵向龙骨，后缘呈轻微锯齿状。背甲呈绿色；肋盾具有黄色条纹与眼斑。腹甲呈红色或橙红色；盾板接缝处具有黑色纹路。
雌雄二性型：雌性多具有较高圆顶状的背甲，尾巴细且短，泄殖孔不超出缘盾。雄性前脚指甲明显较长，尾巴长且粗，泄殖孔超出缘盾。

分类历史

本种于1893年被首次描述（Baur, 1893）^[1]且一度被包含至Pseudemys mobilensis（= P. concinna mobilensis）（Holbrook, 1838）^[8]与Ptychemys mobilensis （= P. c. mobilensis）（Agassiz,1857）的物种描述。本种曾经被视为无效种，且被视为P. floridana mobilensis （Carr, 1938）^[9]的突变型（mutant）与P. floridana suwanniensis的变种（variant）。部分调查者显示本种可能为佛州红肚龟（Pseudemys nelsoni）的亚种（Crenshaw, 1955；Carr and Crenshaw, 1957；Jackson, 1978；McCoy and Vogt, 1979）^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]。

分布与栖地

在阿拉巴马州，本种分布于莫比尔县和鲍德温县的莫比尔湾与其支流⸺滕索河与莫比尔河；在密西西比州，本种分布于哈里森县和杰克逊县的帕斯卡古拉河下游与比洛克西湾流域的后湾（Ernst and Lovich, 2009；Leary et al. 2008）^[14]^[15]。来自佛罗里达州狭长地带、德州与田纳西州的样本纪录为调查者们的错误鉴定（Dobie, 1985）^[16]。

Ernst和Barbour（1972）^[17]指出本种的主要栖地为盐水沼泽与沿岸沼泽林，且与河伪龟（P. concinna）与钻纹龟（Malaclemys terrapin）共享栖地。然而，近期文献（Buhlmann, Tuberville and Gibbons, 2008；Ernst and Lovich, 2009；Ernst and Barbour, 1989；Leary et al., 2008）^[14]^[15]^[18]^:252^[19]指出本种的主要栖地为淡水河川、溪流与渠道。水体深度多为一至两米，且具有丰富的水生植被。

习性与生态学

与其他伪龟属物种相同，本种为日行性且花费一天的时间觅食与寻找做日光浴的地点。做日光浴时高度警觉，受到轻微的打扰就会立刻躲入水中。

食性

本种主要为植食性，以多种水生植物为食，如黑藻属（Hydrilla）、茨藻属（Najas）、苦草属（Vallisneria）、慈姑属（Sagitteria）、伊乐藻属（Elodea）、紫萍属（Lemna）、假泽兰属（Mikania）与毒芹属（Cicuta）（Ernst and Lovich, 2009；Leary et al., 2008；Ernst and Barbour, 1989）^[14]^[15]^[19]。

在野外或人工饲养下，若目标容易取得，也会摄食鱼类或其他动物性饵料^[18]^:252。人工饲养个体也摄食莴苣（Ernst and Barbour, 1972）^[17]。

保育阶层

根据Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).^[20]，本种为濒危（Endangered）。

未来研究方向与注记

对于本种的生长速度、达到性成熟时的尺寸与年龄、寿命、求偶及交配行为、产卵数、习性与种群动态等信息都非常缺乏^[15]。

较详细的信息与描述可见于Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893—Alabama Red-bellied Cooter, Alabama Red-bellied Turtle.（Leary et al. 2008）与Turtles of the United States and Canada.（Ernst and Lovich, 2009）。

图片

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Baur, G. Notes on the Classification and Taxonomy of the Testudinata. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1893, 31 (141): 210–225 [2017-09-26]. doi:10.2307/982831. （原始内容存档于2019-02-22）.
^ Stejneger, Leonhard. "Restitution of the name Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz for a western river tortoise." Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 51 (1938): 173-176.
^ Caspers, H. Wermuth, H. u. Mertens, R.: Schildkröten, Krokodile, Brückenechsen. Mit 271 Abb. im Text. Jena 1961: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag., 422 S. Ln. DM 62,–. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie. 1962-01-01, 47 (1): 168–168 [2017-10-04]. ISSN 1522-2632. doi:10.1002/iroh.19620470122. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）（英语）.
^ McDowell, S.B. Partition of the genus Clemmys and related problems in the taxonomy of the aquatic Testudinidae.. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1964, (143): 239–279.
^ Obst, F. J. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landschildkröten-Gattung Manouria Gray, 1852 (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae).. Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden. 1983a, 38(15): 247-256.
^ Ward, Joseph P. Relationships of chrysemyd turtles of North America (Testudines: Emydidae).. Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 1984, (21): 1-50.
^ Dobie, J. L. Final report on ascertaining population trends based on juvenile/adult ratios, catch rates, and population indices, and biological data on other topics concerned with nesting in Pseudemys alabamensis.. Report for the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources of the States of Alabama. 1993: 27.
^ Holbrook, John Edwards. North American herpetology; or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Ed. 1, Vol. 2.. 1838: 125.
^ Carr, A. F. A New Subspecies of Pseudemys floridana, with Notes on the floridana Complex. Copeia. 1938 [2017-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.
^ Crenshaw, J. W., Jr. The ecological geography of the Pseudemys floridana complex in the southeastern United States.. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 1955.
^ Carr, A. F. and Crenshaw, J. W., JR. A taxonomic reappraisal of the turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis Bauer.. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science. 1957: 2:25-42.
^ Jackson D. R. Chrysemys nelsoni. Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 1978, 210: 1-2.
^ McCoy, C. J. and Vogt, R. C. Distribution and population status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 12.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Carl H. Ernst, Jeffrey E. Lovich. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2009: 840. ISBN 9780801891212.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Leary, C. J., J. L. Dobie, T. M. Mann, P. S. Floyd, and D. H. Nelson. Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893—Alabama Red-bellied Cooter, Alabama Red-bellied Turtle.. Chelonian Research Monographs. 2008 [2017-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）.
^ Dobie. J. L. Distribution and population status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985: 31.
^ ^17.0 ^17.1 Ernst, C. H., Barbour, R. W. Turtles of the United States.. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 1972.
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 Buhlmann, Kurt; Tuberville, Tracey; Gibbons, J. Whitfield. Turtles of the Southeast. University of Georgia Press. 2008 [2017-10-04]. ISBN 9780820329024. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）（英语）.
^ ^19.0 ^19.1 Ernst, C. H., Barbour, R. W. Turtles of the World.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 1989: 313.
^ Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. Iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).. IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 2017: 292.

外部链接

Pseudemys alabamensis. The Reptile Database. [2017-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-19）.
Texas scholar work: Pseudemys alabamensis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18458/0 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[:5-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Baur, G. Notes on the Classification and Taxonomy of the Testudinata. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 1893, 31 (141): 210–225 [2017-09-26]. doi:10.2307/982831. （原始内容存档于2019-02-22）.

[2] Stejneger, Leonhard. "Restitution of the name Ptychemys hoyi Agassiz for a western river tortoise." Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash 51 (1938): 173-176.

[3] Caspers, H. Wermuth, H. u. Mertens, R.: Schildkröten, Krokodile, Brückenechsen. Mit 271 Abb. im Text. Jena 1961: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag., 422 S. Ln. DM 62,–. Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie. 1962-01-01, 47 (1): 168–168 [2017-10-04]. ISSN 1522-2632. doi:10.1002/iroh.19620470122. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）（英语）.

[4] McDowell, S.B. Partition of the genus Clemmys and related problems in the taxonomy of the aquatic Testudinidae.. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1964, (143): 239–279.

[5] Obst, F. J. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Landschildkröten-Gattung Manouria Gray, 1852 (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae).. Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden. 1983a, 38(15): 247-256.

[6] Ward, Joseph P. Relationships of chrysemyd turtles of North America (Testudines: Emydidae).. Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ. 1984, (21): 1-50.

[7] Dobie, J. L. Final report on ascertaining population trends based on juvenile/adult ratios, catch rates, and population indices, and biological data on other topics concerned with nesting in Pseudemys alabamensis.. Report for the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources of the States of Alabama. 1993: 27.

[8] Holbrook, John Edwards. North American herpetology; or, A description of the reptiles inhabiting the United States. Ed. 1, Vol. 2.. 1838: 125.

[9] Carr, A. F. A New Subspecies of Pseudemys floridana, with Notes on the floridana Complex. Copeia. 1938 [2017-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.

[10] Crenshaw, J. W., Jr. The ecological geography of the Pseudemys floridana complex in the southeastern United States.. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 1955.

[11] Carr, A. F. and Crenshaw, J. W., JR. A taxonomic reappraisal of the turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis Bauer.. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Science. 1957: 2:25-42.

[12] Jackson D. R. Chrysemys nelsoni. Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 1978, 210: 1-2.

[13] McCoy, C. J. and Vogt, R. C. Distribution and population status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: 12.

[:0-14] 14.0 ^14.1 ^14.2 Carl H. Ernst, Jeffrey E. Lovich. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2009: 840. ISBN 9780801891212.

[:1-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 Leary, C. J., J. L. Dobie, T. M. Mann, P. S. Floyd, and D. H. Nelson. Pseudemys alabamensis Baur 1893—Alabama Red-bellied Cooter, Alabama Red-bellied Turtle.. Chelonian Research Monographs. 2008 [2017-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）.

[16] Dobie. J. L. Distribution and population status of the Alabama red-bellied turtle, Pseudemys alabamensis.. Final Report U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985: 31.

[:2-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Ernst, C. H., Barbour, R. W. Turtles of the United States.. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY. 1972.

[:3-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Buhlmann, Kurt; Tuberville, Tracey; Gibbons, J. Whitfield. Turtles of the Southeast. University of Georgia Press. 2008 [2017-10-04]. ISBN 9780820329024. （原始内容存档于2017-10-04）（英语）.

[:4-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Ernst, C. H., Barbour, R. W. Turtles of the World.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 1989: 313.

[20] Anders G.J. Rhodin, John B. Iverson, Roger Bour, Uwe Fritz, Arthur Georges, H. Bradley Shaffer, and Peter Paul van Dijk. Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (8th Ed.).. IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 2017: 292.

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