蜷丝球虫纲

蜷丝球虫纲
	Capsaspora owczarzaki
科学分类
演化支：	单鞭毛生物 Amorphea
演化支：	OBA 超类群 Obazoa
演化支：	后鞭毛生物 Opisthokonta
总界：	动物总界 Holozoa
演化支：	蜷丝动物 Filozoa
纲：	蜷丝球虫纲 Filasterea
属
	快孢子虫属（英语：Capsaspora） Capsaspora; 小球虫属（英语：Ministeria） Ministeria; Pigoraptor;

蜷丝球虫纲（学名：Filasterea）是动物总界蜷丝动物下的一个类群，包括小球虫（英语：Ministeria）与快孢子虫（英语：Capsaspora）两类单细胞变形虫^[1]。蜷丝球虫在演化树上为领鞭毛动物（包括领鞭毛虫和动物界）的姐妹群，此分类单元于2008年基于分子种系发生学的证据提出^[2]^[3]^[4]。

分类[编辑]

快孢子虫（英语：Capsaspora）仅有单一物种Capsaspora owczarzaki，最早自淡水螺类红扁蜷（英语：Biomphalaria glabrata）体内采得^[5]^[6]，一度被认为是一种核形虫^[6]，后经分子证据显示其与动物较为接近^[7]^[8]，应属动物总界^[9]；小球虫（英语：Ministeria）则有Ministeria vibrans（英语：Ministeria vibrans）与Ministeria marisola两种，为自海水样本中采得^[10]^[11]。2017年又有另一属生物Pigoraptor被发表描述，包括Pigoraptor vietnamica与Pigoraptor chileana两种，皆自淡水湖样本中采得，分子证据显示其属于蜷丝球虫，且与快孢子虫关系较近^[4]。

演化树[编辑]

以下为动物总界与真菌总界生物的演化树^[12]^[13]^[14]：

后鞭毛生物

真菌总界

核形虫纲

	泉生虫目（英语：Fonticulida）

	核形虫目

动孢菌（英语：Zoosporia）

后孢菌（英语：Opisthosporidia）

Aphelida（英语：Aphelida）

LCNC1

罗兹菌门

罗兹菌（英语：Rozellida）

	Namako-37

	微孢子虫

真菌界（狭义）

动物总界

中菌动物

Pluriformea（英语：Pluriformea）

	珊瑚壶菌（英语：Corallochytrium）

	Syssomonas

蜷丝动物

蜷丝球虫纲

聚胞动物

	领鞭毛虫

	动物界（狭义）

参考文献[编辑]

^ Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. Aramayo R , 编. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLOS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 .
^ Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. February 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 2015-09-21, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 .
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006 .
^ Stibbs, H. H.; Owczarzak, A.; Bayne, C. J.; DeWan, P. Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 1979, 33 (2): 159–170. PMID 501126. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90149-6.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Owczarzak, A.; Stibbs, H. H.; Bayne, C. J. The destruction of Schistosoma mansonimother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated fromBiomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study. J Invertebr Pathol. 1980, 35 (1): 26–33. PMID 7365267. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90079-8.
^ Hertel, Lynn A.; Bayne, Christopher J.; Loker, Eric S. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. International Journal for Parasitology. 2002-08-01, 32 (9): 1183–1191. ISSN 0020-7519. PMID 12117501. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00066-8.
^ Zettler LAA, null; Nerad, T. A.; O'Kelly, C. J.; Sogin, M. L. The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2001-05-01, 48 (3): 293–297. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11411837. S2CID 44548329. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x.
^ Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Inagaki, Yuji; Davis, Lesley A.; Sperstad, Sigmund; Landfald, Bjarne; Roger, Andrew J. Capsaspora owczarzaki is an independent opisthokont lineage. Current Biology. 2004, 14 (22): R946–R947. PMID 15556849. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.037 .
^ Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Opisthokonta Based on Phylogenomic Analyses of Conserved Single-Copy Protein Domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.
^ Patterson, David J.; Nygaard, Kari; Steinberg, Gero; Turley, Carol M. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 11 May 2009, 73 (1): 67–95. doi:10.1017/S0025315400032653.
^ Silar P. Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462. 2016 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1. （原始内容存档于2019-07-02）.
^ Esser K. The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. 2014: 461 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.
^ Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018-02-22, 90 (1): 135–159 [2018-07-17]. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. （原始内容存档于2018-07-07）.

[pmid18461162-1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. Aramayo R , 编. Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals. PLOS ONE. 7 May 2008, 3 (5): e2098. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2098S. PMC 2346548 . PMID 18461162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098 .

[2] Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic relationships within the Opisthokonta based on phylogenomic analyses of conserved single-copy protein domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. February 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.

[3] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology. 2015-09-21, 25 (18): 2404–2410. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 26365255. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053 .

[Hehenberger2017-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. PMID 28648822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006 .

[:4-5] Stibbs, H. H.; Owczarzak, A.; Bayne, C. J.; DeWan, P. Schistosome sporocyst-killing Amoebae isolated from Biomphalaria glabrata. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 1979, 33 (2): 159–170. PMID 501126. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(79)90149-6.

[:5-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Owczarzak, A.; Stibbs, H. H.; Bayne, C. J. The destruction of Schistosoma mansonimother sporocysts in vitro by amoebae isolated fromBiomphalaria glabrata: an ultrastructural study. J Invertebr Pathol. 1980, 35 (1): 26–33. PMID 7365267. doi:10.1016/0022-2011(80)90079-8.

[7] Hertel, Lynn A.; Bayne, Christopher J.; Loker, Eric S. The symbiont Capsaspora owczarzaki, nov. gen. nov. sp., isolated from three strains of the pulmonate snail Biomphalaria glabrata is related to members of the Mesomycetozoea. International Journal for Parasitology. 2002-08-01, 32 (9): 1183–1191. ISSN 0020-7519. PMID 12117501. doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00066-8.

[8] Zettler LAA, null; Nerad, T. A.; O'Kelly, C. J.; Sogin, M. L. The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 2001-05-01, 48 (3): 293–297. ISSN 1066-5234. PMID 11411837. S2CID 44548329. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x.

[9] Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki; Inagaki, Yuji; Davis, Lesley A.; Sperstad, Sigmund; Landfald, Bjarne; Roger, Andrew J. Capsaspora owczarzaki is an independent opisthokont lineage. Current Biology. 2004, 14 (22): R946–R947. PMID 15556849. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.10.037 .

[pmid21771718-10] Torruella, Guifré; Derelle, Romain; Paps, Jordi; Lang, B. Franz; Roger, Andrew J.; Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Ruiz-Trillo, Iñaki. Phylogenetic Relationships within the Opisthokonta Based on Phylogenomic Analyses of Conserved Single-Copy Protein Domains. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2012, 29 (2): 531–544. PMC 3350318 . PMID 21771718. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr185.

[Patterson_et_al_2009-11] Patterson, David J.; Nygaard, Kari; Steinberg, Gero; Turley, Carol M. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists associated with oceanic detritus throughout the water column in the mid North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 11 May 2009, 73 (1): 67–95. doi:10.1017/S0025315400032653.

[Silar2016-12] Silar P. Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes. HAL: 462. 2016 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-2-9555841-0-1. （原始内容存档于2019-07-02）.

[MycotaVIIS&E-13] Esser K. The Mycota VII A: Systematics and Evolution (2nd ed.). Springer. 2014: 461 [2016-09-12]. ISBN 978-3-642-55317-2. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.

[Tedersoo2018-14] Tedersoo, Leho; Sanchez-Ramırez, Santiago; Koljalg, Urmas; Bahram, Mohammad; Doring, Markus; Schigel, Dmitry; May, Tom; Ryberg, Martin; Abarenkov, Kessy. High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. Fungal Diversity. 2018-02-22, 90 (1): 135–159 [2018-07-17]. doi:10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0. （原始内容存档于2018-07-07）.

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