吸蟲綱
吸蟲綱
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| Botulus microporus，一種生活在帆蜥魚腸子內的大型吸蟲 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 扁形動物門 Platyhelminthes |
| 亞門： | 被桿體亞門 Rhabditophora |
| 演化支： | 無中心體類 Acentrosomata |
| 演化支： | 裂腸新皮類 Bothrioneodermata |
| 總綱： | 新皮總綱 Neodermata |
| 綱： | 吸蟲綱 Trematoda Karl Rudolphi, 1808 |
| 亞綱與目 | |
吸蟲（學名：Trematoda）是寄生蟲的一種，為扁形動物門吸蟲綱動物的總稱，也稱為瓜仁蟲。一些吸蟲也被稱為二口蟲（拉丁語：Distoma）。其名由來是因為它的口吸盤和腹吸盤都被認為是口而致，拉丁語中，Di代表「二」，stoma代表「口」。
概述
[編輯]吸蟲是非常有名的一種寄生蟲，大部分為雌雄同體[1]，可自體受精；生活史中可能有一個或多個中間宿主，以魚類、人體等多種脊椎動物為最終宿主；成蟲產卵發育成纖毛幼蟲（Miracidium，亦作毛蚴），纖毛幼蟲入侵中間宿主後，增殖並發育成尾動幼蟲(cercaride，亦作尾蚴)，再被最終宿主食入前會發育成曩狀幼蟲（metacerariae，亦作曩蚴）[2]。吸蟲的成蟲有口吸盤及腹吸盤，其卵有卵蓋（operculum）[2]，蟲體在人體中最久可活30年，由生食淡水魚而感染。貓、狗為一種名為保蟲的吸蟲宿主，成蟲寄生於膽道，大量感染時可在膽囊中發現蟲體。曩狀幼蟲存在於淡水魚時，醃漬、煙燻或脫水皆不能將其殺死，輕微感染時無症狀，重度感染會造成膽道阻塞、膽囊炎、結石、肝膿痬或急性胰臟炎等，蟲卵約於感染後1個月後可於糞便中發現[3]。
分類
[編輯]吸蟲綱物種原來分為單殖目（Monogena）、複殖目（Digenea）、盾腹目（Aspidogastrea，亦作盾盤目或楯盤目）三個目[1]。單殖、複殖所指的是物種的雄性生殖系統的輸精管的數目（單殖1個、複殖2個）；而盾腹目的命名則沿於其特徵，在其腹口吸盤周圍有一個盾牌狀的襯墊。當時的單殖目可再細分為三個亞目[1]:259-260，但現時單殖目已被提升至綱級，成為單殖綱。餘下的兩個目合計的物種，推算約 18,000[4]到 24,000[5]個物種。有文獻把這兩個目提升到亞綱的地位。
複殖目又名二生目，是吸蟲綱絕大多數物種所屬，之下再分為腹口亞目（Gasterostomata，寄生於魚腸內）及前口亞目（Prosostomata，有59科）[1]，其物種泛稱複殖吸蟲（digenetic trematode）是以寄生人體為對象的吸蟲。複殖吸蟲的基本結構和發育過程大致上相同，種類相當繁多且形態各自相差頗大，生活史有性世代（寄生於軟體動物，如螺螄、蚌類的階段）與無性世代（寄生於脊椎動物體內階段），基本生活型態是以卵生且多種幼蟲（毛蚴、胞蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴、囊蚴）之後在成長為成蟲[6]。這些吸蟲中以人類為宿主[1]的種類，有肺吸蟲（衛氏肺吸蟲）、肝吸蟲（中華肝吸蟲、牛羊肝吸蟲）、腸道吸蟲、橫川吸蟲、血吸蟲（日本血吸蟲）、布氏薑片蟲（Fasciolopsis buski）等。
楯盤目只有一科四屬，直接發育，無需中間宿主。今提升至亞綱級，是為楯吸蟲亞綱或楯盤亞綱。
- 本綱包括以下目：
- Aspidogastrida
- Aspidogasteridae
- Aspidogastridae
- Multicalycidae
- Rugogastridae
- 有壁目 Diplostomida
- 斜睪目 Plagiorchiida
- Stichocotylida
- Stichocotylidae
- 目的地位未定的科：
- Acanthostomatidae
- Albulatrematidae
- Areobiotrematidae
- Arnolidae
- Gekkonotrematidae
- Halipegidae
- Jubilariidae
- Lecithochiridae
- Lobatovitelliovariidae
- Oesophagicolidae
- Sclerodistomatidae
- Tetrasteridae
- 目、科的地位未定的屬：
- Acanthocephala Diesing, 1858
- Achillurbainia Dollfus, 1939
- Adolescaria Sinitzin, 1911
- Afrobilharzia Le Roux, 1958
- Agamodistomum Stossich, 1892
- Ahemiuris Chauhan, 1954
- Allomicrophallus Yamaguti, 1971
- Allopseudopiclidophora Yamaguti, 1965
- Alloschistorchis Yamaguti, 1970
- Allotelorchis Goodman, 1988
- Amphibothrium Frey & Leuckart, 1847
- Amphistomulum Brandes, 1892
- Amphocleithrium Price & Romero, 1969
- Anatirenicola Odening, 1962
- Ankyrocotyle Vlassenko, 1928
- Antepharyngeum Witenberg, 1925
- Antodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Aototrema Bean-Knudsen, Uhazy & Wagner, 1987
- Aspalacitrema Deblock & Rausch, 1965
- Aspina Tripathi, 1956
- Astomum Schlotthauber, 1860
- Asymphylodoroides Yamaguti, 1971
- Athesmioides Cribb & Spratt, 1992
- Atrioglabrum Gracenea, Montoliu & Deblock, 1993
- Atriospinosum Deblock, 1973
- Australodiscus Sey, 1983
- Axine Yamaguti, 1938
- Baiohelmins Cribb & Pearson, 1988
- Bashkinovitrema Skrjabin, 1944
- Bathycola Fuhrmann, 1928
- Baughbilharzia Chauhan, Srivastava & Chauhan, 1973
- Beauchampia Yamaguti, 1963
- Bengaliniella Deblock, Mukherjee & Ghosh, 1970
- Bilateracotyloides Ramalingam, 1961
- Bilorchis Mehra, 1937
- Biplacunella Unnithan, 1971
- Bispina Tripathi, 1956
- Bistellavulva Unnithan, 1971
- Bivulvostella Unnithan, 1971
- Blairium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Bothriophoron Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Brachionus Schrank, 1776
- Brachylecithoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Brachysaccus Johnston, 1912
- Bravotrema Groschaft, 1970
- Bullulina Hammerschmidt, 1838
- Buxifrons Fukui, 1929
- Buxifrons Näsmark, 1937
- Bychowskicotyle Unnithan, 1971
- Calicotyle Nybelin, 1941
- Calicotylides Nybelin, 1941
- Canaania Travassos, 1944
- Capronia Richard, 1966
- Carangixenus Unnithan, 1962
- Catoptroides Looss, 1902
- Caudorchis Talbot, 1933
- Cauliorchis Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Cesartrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Ceylonotrema Gussev, 1963
- Chamaeleophilus Yamaguti, 1971
- Chaseostrigea Ukoli, 1967
- Cheilostomum Diesing, 1850
- Chelonella Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Chinhuta Lal, 1937
- Chiropterotarbus Bay-Schmith, 1972
- Chiropterotrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Chiroptodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Choanocotyle Jue Sue & Platt, 1998
- Choerocotyle Baer, 1959
- Choerocotyloides Prudhoe, Yeh & Khalil, 1964
- Choristogonoporus Stunkard, 1938
- Cladorchis Wang & Zhou, 1989
- Cochinocotyle Gupta & Gupta, 1971
- Coelomotrema Angel, 1970
- Coelomotrema aegyptiaca[7]
- Coitocoecum Nicoll, 1915
- Combesia Mas-Coma, Roset & Mantoliu, 1985
- Conspicum Bhalerao, 1936
- Coryphogonimus Cribb & Spratt, 1990
- Cotylegaster Cobbold, 1877
- Cryptocephalus Srivastava, 1944
- Cryptostomum Nitzsch, 1832
- Cychlorchis Lühe, 1908
- Cyclostoma Otto, 1823
- Cymbiforma Yamaguti, 1933
- Dactylodiscus Kamegai, 1971
- Dasyurotrema Cribb, 1992
- Decacotylus Mayer, 1841
- Dermophthiroides Cheung & Nigrelli, 1983
- Diagenites Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Diastomum Packard, 1882
- Dicotyle Sonsino, 1898
- Dicranocercaria Lutz, 1919
- Dicranocercaria Szidat, 1932
- Digenites Poinar & Boucot, 2006
- Dinotaster Unnithan, 1971
- Diplobothrium Chandler, 1942
- Diplostomum Brandes, 1888
- Diplotrema Tripathi, 1959
- Diporpa Dujardin, 1844
- Distemum
- Distoma Retzius, 1786
- Distomulum Brandes, 1892
- Distomum Diesing, 1850
- Distomus Laennec, 1807
- Divitelluses Cai & Li, 1993
- Dolichodemas Looss, 1900
- Dolichosomum Looss, 1899
- Dozenkotrema Onkarnatha, 1964
- Duttiella Srivastava, Prasad & Maurya, 1980
- Echinella van Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Edcaballerotrema Teixeira de Freitas, 1960
- Eroliostrigea Yamaguti, 1971
- Eucercaria Diesing, 1855
- Eucercarioides Tang & Tang, 1992
- Eucradium Szidat, 1954
- Eurobilharzia Le Roux, 1958
- Eurymetra Odhner, 1910
- Eustemma Diesing, 1850
- Eustomos MacCallum, 1921
- Evandrocotyle Jansen, 1941
- Evanorchis Skrjabin, 1944
- Exorchocoelium Thapar, 1958
- Falciungus Akmerov, 1952
- Festucaria Schrank, 1788
- Flabellodiscus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
- Fontius Lotz & Palmieri, 1985
- Gastrothylacias Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Gastrothylacides Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Geaterinia Lebedev, 1969
- Gemellicotyle Prudhoe, 1975
- Gibsonium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Gigantatrium Yamaguti, 1958
- Gigantobilharziella Khalifa, 1974
- Gigantopora Looss, 1907
- Glenocercaria Diesing, 1858
- Globostomum Oshmarin, 1970
- Globularia Rolando, 1841
- Glossidioides Yamaguti, 1958
- Glossocotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Glyptamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Gotocotyla Meserve, 1938
- Gymnocephala Diesing, 1858
- Gymnocephala Leidy, 1877
- Haematobium Dunglison, 1893
- Haplostomum Burmeister, 1856
- Harmostomum Witenberg, 1925
- Hawkesius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Hemistephanus Looss, 1901
- Hemixenotrema Baer, 1971
- Hepatotrema Stunkard, 1923
- Hephostomum Burmeister, 1856
- Heptostomum Schomburgk, 1844
- Heteracanthus Diesing, 1836
- Heteraxine Linton, 1940
- Heterobdella Beneden & Hesse, 1864
- Heterocoelium Travassos, 1921
- Heterocotyloides Yamaguti, 1963
- Heterolope Looss, 1899
- Heterostoma De Filippi, 1837
- Hexastoma Kuhn, 1829
- Hexastoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Hexathyridium Treutler, 1793
- Histerolecitha Linton, 1910
- Histrionella Bory de St.Vincent, 1823
- Histrionella Ehrenberg, 1828
- Histrionellina Diesing, 1858
- Holostoma Nitzsch, 1816
- Hormocercaria Diesing, 1855
- Hydricuculus McCrady, 1873
- Hydrochoeristrema Sinkoc, Muller & Brum, 1998
- Hypostoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Indopleurogenes Yamaguti, 1971
- Indopodocotyle Gupta & Puri, 1981
- Indopodocotyloides Gupta & Sayal, 1979
- Ishiella Unnithan, 1971
- Ityogonismus
- Jamuartrema Kumar Lal, 1976
- Kaurma Chatterji, 1936
- Khalilloossia Hilmy, 1949
- Klepsitromis Hammerschmidt, 1835
- Kunckelia Künstler, 1881
- Labontes MacCallum, 1927
- Labriferoides Ganapati, Hanumantha & Lakshmana Rao, 1962
- Laterostrigea Yang, 1962
- Leiperocotyle Eduardo, 1980
- Leipertrema Sandosham, 1951
- Lepidotes Johnston & Tiegs, 1922
- Lepustomum Jain, 1953
- Levinseniella Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Levinsensia Looss, 1928
- Limatuloides Dubois, 1964
- Limosina Manter, 1944
- Lintonia Monticelli, 1904
- Lobostoma Berthold, 1827
- Longitrema Chen, 1954
- Lophocercaria Diesing, 1858
- Loriformis Goeze, 1782
- Lutianicotyle Mamaev, 1990
- Lutziella Rohde, 1966
- Luxitrema Bray, 1987
- Lyperosomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Macallumia Chatterji, 1938
- Macrechinostomum Odhner, 1911
- Macrocercus Müller, 1773
- Macrocraeoides
- Macrogenotrema Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1925
- Macrurochaeta Costa, 1864
- Maillardiella Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Malleolus Ehrenberg, 1838
- Manidicola Graber & Gevrey, 1981
- Maritremopsis Deblock, 1973
- Maxtrema Travassos, Teixeira de Freitas & Kohn, 1969
- Mazzantia Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Mediantestis Issaitschikow, 1928
- Mediodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Mediopharyngeum Witenberg, 1925
- Mediorchis Panin, 1984
- Mediorima Nicoll, 1914
- Meditypus Barton, 1994
- Megacetabulum Oshmarin, 1964
- Megacustis Bennett, 1935
- Megalatriotrema Rao, 1969
- Megalophalloides Ching & Ibanez Herrera, 1976
- Mehraformis Bhardwaj, 1963
- Melanoglena Eichwald, 1850
- Mesodendrium Faust, 1919
- Mesogonimus Monticelli, 1885
- Metacercaria
- Metadelphis Travassos, 1944
- Metagorgoderina Fernandes, 1958
- Metagyrodactylus Yamaguti, 1963
- Metahelicometra Yamaguti, 1971
- Microcotyle Tripathi, 1956
- Microderma Mehra, 1931
- Microphallus Deblock & Pearson, 1969
- Mixophthalmus Karyakarte, 1967
- Monarrhenos Deblock & Pearson, 1971
- Monocaecum Deblock & Pearson, 1970
- Monostoma Rudolphi, 1809
- Monostoma Zeder, 1800
- Monostomeus Rafinesque, 1815
- Monostomulum Brandes, 1892
- Morenodendrium Odening, 1969
- Muhlingina Mehra, 1950
- Multiglandularis Schulz & Skworzow, 1931
- Multigonadus Bilqees, 1970
- Multilecithum Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972
- Musalia Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Muttua Shipley & Hornell, 1904
- Nannoenteron Ozaki, 1924
- Navigiolum Onji & Nishio, 1924
- Neodactylodiscus Kamegai, 1972
- Neodermophtherius Price, 1963
- Neodicrocoelium Agrawal & Sharma, 1990
- Neodiplostomum Dubois, 1937
- Neoeuparadistomum Farooq & Azra Qamar, 1996
- Neogorgoderina Pereira & Cuocolo, 1940
- Neogyrodactylus Baugh, 1957
- Neohamatopeduncularia Gupta & Varsha Sachdeva, 1987
- Neolepoderma Mehra, 1937
- Neomicrophallus Farooq & Yousuf, 1986
- Neophroechinostoma Oshmarin & Belous, 1951
- Neopisthorchis Chatterji & Kruidenier, 1961
- Neoprosotocus Bourgat & Combes, 1977
- Neorenifer Byrd & Denton, 1938
- Nephrocephala Diesing, 1858
- Neuronaia Goodsir, 1845
- Nicollina Deshmukh, 1988
- Nidarosia
- Nidrosia Mortensen, 1933
- Niviventertrema Dronen, Homesley & Cleveland, 1995
- Notaster Unnithan, 1971
- Octostoma Otto, 1823
- Octothilus Hermann, 1782
- Oligolecithus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960
- Olssoniella Travassos, 1944
- Olveria Sinha, 1941
- Olveria Thapar & Singha
- Omnipharynx Nicholls & Brooks, 1969
- Ompoktrema Varma & Singh, 1986
- Onchiodiscus Kulkarni, 1969
- Onchogaster Claparède, 1863
- Ophiorchis Mehra, 1937
- Opisthoarchiotrema Gupta & Sharma, 1974
- Opisthobrachylecithum Yamaguti, 1971
- Opisthogenes Nicoll, 1914
- Opistholecithum Baer, 1970
- Opistocotyle LeBlond, 1836
- Oreochromogyrus Ferdousi & Chandra, 2002
- Orientoacanthostomum Zaidi & Khan, 1977
- Orthorchis Mödlinger, 1925
- Orthorchis Travassos, 1944
- Oryzomytrema Thatcher, 1982
- Oswaldoia Travassos, 1919
- Overstreetium Brooks & Holcman, 1993
- Palamphistomum Srivastava & Tripathi, 1987
- Palitrema Cogate, 1939
- Pancreaticum Bhalerao, 1936
- Pancreatrema Oshmarin, 1952
- Papillatrium Richard, 1966
- Papilloleucochloridium Bakke, 1980
- Parabascoides Stunkard, 1938
- Parabenedenia Johnston, 1929
- Paracanthatrium Dubois, 1961
- Paracephalogoniomus Skrjabin, 1949
- Paraconcinnum Vassiliades & Richard, 1970
- Paradistomoidella Brooks & Palmieri, 1981
- Paradistomoides Travassos, 1944
- Paraibatrema Ueta, Deberaldini, da Silva Cordeiro & de Toledo Artigas, 1981
- Paraindopleurogenes Kalyankar & Palladwar, 1977
- Paraleyogonimus Vaucher, 1968
- Paralutztrema Faust, 1967
- Parametadelphis Travassos, 1955
- Paramonostomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Paramphistomacotyle Mehra, 1980
- Paramphistomoides Yamaguti, 1958
- Paraoistosomum Tkach, 2011
- Paraplagiorchis Dollfus, 1924
- Paraschistosomatium Price, 1929
- Parepibdella Johnston, 1929
- Paryphostomum Jain, 1952
- Pentadion Saint-Rémy, 1891
- Petalodistomum Pigulevsky, 1952
- Philline Parona & Perugia, 1890
- Phillines Westwood, 1840
- Phrynobatrachotrema Goodman, 1986
- Placotrema Looss, 1907
- Plagiorchoides Olsen, 1937
- Platyamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Platycotyle Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Platymetra Mehra, 1931
- Platynosomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Plenosominoides Ke & Liang, 1984
- Pleurolobatus Kaw, 1944
- Pleuropsoloides Goodman, 1990
- Polyporus Grube, 1840
- Postodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Postpharyngeum Witenberg, 1925
- Praeorchitrema Oshmarin, 1952
- Primatotrema Premvati, 1958
- Proacetabulorchoides Oshmarin, 1970
- Probolitrema Pigulevsky, 1952
- Prochiorchis Dollfus, 1963
- Procyonophilus Thatcher, 1982
- Proechimytrema Thatcher, 1982
- Proeputiodiplostomum Gupta, 1962
- Progonimodiscus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960
- Promicrophallus Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
- Pronopharynx Cohn, 1904
- Proschistosoma Grétillat, 1962
- Proshystera Korkhaus, 1930
- Prosostephanus Lutz, 1935
- Prosthometra Looss, 1896
- Prostorchigenes Tubangui, 1928
- Protofasciola Odhner, 1926
- Protofasciolopsis Odhner
- Prouterina Foreyt, Schell & Beyer, 1996
- Prudhoella Beverley-Burton, 1960
- Prymnoprion Looss, 1899
- Pseudalassostoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Pseudallassostomoides Yamaguti, 1971
- Pseudallobenedenia Yamaguti, 1966
- Pseudathesmia Travassos, 1942
- Pseudoallocreadium Yamaguti, 1971
- Pseudobianium Sey, 1996
- Pseudocalceostoma Yamaguti, 1963
- Pseudodiplodiscoides Murty, 1970
- Pseudodiscus Sonsino, 1895
- Pseudoechinostomum
- Pseudoganeo Khomenovskij, 1971
- Pseudomagnivitellinum Dronen & Underwood, 1980
- Pseudomerizocotyle Kay, 1942
- Pseudomorcheides Wang, 1982
- Pseudoorientocreadium Agrawal & Sharma, 1990
- Pseudoparamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958
- Pseudoplagiorchis Yamaguti, 1971
- Pseudoquinqueserialis Sutton, 1981
- Pseudorchis Yamaguti, 1971
- Pseudorenifer Price, 1935
- Pseudospelotrematoides Yamaguti, 1939
- Pterocotyle Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Pteronella Beneden & Hesse, 1863
- Pterygotomaschalos Stunkard, 1924
- Ptyasiorchis Mehra, 1937
- Quasimaritrema Deblock, 1973
- Rallitrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Redia Filippi, 1837
- Reduxotrema Pigulevsky, 1952
- Renicola Sudarikov, 1951
- Rhacophotrema Uchida, Itagaki & Inoue, 1980
- Rhodobilharzia Le Roux, 1958
- Rhopalocerca Diesing, 1850
- Rudolphiella Travassos, 1924
- Rutschurutrema Baer, 1959
- Sarumitrema Beverley-Burton, 1963
- Sawqirahcotyle Lebedev, 1976
- Schisturus Rudolphi, 1809
- Schizocerca Diesing, 1858
- Scintillovulva Unnithan, 1971
- Serpentinotrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964
- Sigmapera Nicoll, 1918
- 華畢屬 Sinobilharzia Dutt & Srivastava, 1955
- Sinobilharzia Le Roux, 1958
- Sinuosoides Denton & Krissinger, 1975
- Skrjabinodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Skrjabinosomum Skrjabin, 1944
- Solenocerca Diesing, 1855
- Solenocotyle Diesing, 1850
- Sorexegliphe Sadovskaya, 1954
- Spinoderetrema Bray, 1987
- Spinometra Mehra, 1931
- Sporocerca Diesing, 1855
- Sporocystis Filippi, 1854
- Sporocystophora Diesing, 1858
- Sporonema Diesing, 1855
- Sporotherium Diesing, 1858
- Srivastavaia Singh, 1970
- Staffordiella Mehra, 1966
- Stephanolecithus Nakagawa, 1919
- Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901
- Stichocotyle Faust & Tang, 1936
- Strzeleckia Cribb & Spratt, 1991
- Sturniratrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Suchocyathocotyle Dubois, 1984
- Sureshiella Srivastava, Maurya & Prasad, 1980
- Symmetricatesticula Krasnolobova, 1976
- Synethes Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Tagumaea Fukui, 1930
- Taiwantrema Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981
- Telogonella Mehra & Negi, 1928
- Tenuifasciola Yamaguti, 1971
- Testisaculus Bhalerao, 1927
- Tetrapapillatrema Ralph, 1938
- Tetrastoma Chiaje, 1833
- Thailandobilharzia Baugh, 1977
- Thylogaster Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Topsiturvitrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992
- Travassasella Faust & Tang, 1938
- Travassodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943
- Travassosina Vaz, 1932
- Travassostrema Rebecq, 1962
- Triloborchidiplostomum Dubois & Angel, 1972
- Trionchus MacCallum, 1916
- Tumaclinostomum Van der Kuyp, 1953
- Turbinilla Bory de St.Vincent, 1823
- Turquinia Coy Otero, 1989
- Ugandalubens Goodman, 1988
- Ultragenotrema Skrjabin & Baskakow, 1925
- Unistriata Filimonova, 1985
- Vaginaespina Tripathi, 1956
- Velasquezotrema Eduardo & Javellana, 1987
- Verodunia Lahille & Joan, 1918
- Vesperugidendrium Pande, 1937
- Virgulina Bory de St.-Vincent, 1823
- Vitellariotrema Gupta & Krishna, 1977
- Voelkeria Travassos & Kohn, 1966
- Watsonius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Wellmanius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910
- Wrightrenicola Odening, 1962
- Xenopharynx Nicoll, 1912
- Xenopodistomum Macnae, Rock & Makowski, 1973
- Xiphidiocercaria Diesing, 1855
- Zeferinella Artigas & Paulino, 1988
- Zeylanurotrema Crusz & Sanmugasunderam, 1974
- Zoosperma Bory de St Vincent, 1823
- Zygodendrium Salem, 1976
構造
[編輯]體壁組織可分為體被與肌肉；可自我更新；具有吸收營養、感覺等功能[6]。
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 李永基. 第貳部無脊椎動物 第VII篇扁形動物門. 中山自然科學大辭典. 第九冊：動物學. : 249, 259-272 [2016-09-23]. （原始內容存檔於2020-07-05） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 第二篇 蠕虫学：第六章 吸 虫：吸虫概论. 人体寄生虫学. 鄭州大學遠程教育學院. [2016-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-27） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 溫惠敏. 《石門水庫活魚3吃 陷危機》. 壹週刊 (台灣). 2011-02-03, 506: 69 [2016-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-15） （中文（繁體））.
- ^ Littlewood D T J; Bray R. A. The Digenea. Interrelationships of the Platyhelminthes. Systematics Association Special Volume 60 1. CRC. 2000: 168–185. ISBN 978-0-7484-0903-7.
- ^ Poulin, Robert; Serge Morand. Parasite Biodiversity. Smithsonian. 2005: 216. ISBN 978-1-58834-170-9.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 吸虫概论. 山東大學. [2016-09-25]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-14） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ Arlene Jones & O.M.E. El-Azazy (1986) Coelomotrema aegyptiaca sp. nov., an unusual prosthogonimid trematode from Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) in Egypt, Journal of Natural History, 20:3, 707-712, DOI: 10.1080/00222938600770481
