松果菊

松果菊
	慕尼黑植物園中的松果菊
科學分類
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支：	菊類植物 Asterids
目：	菊目 Asterales
科：	菊科 Asteraceae
屬：	松果菊屬 Echinacea
種：	松果菊 E. purpurea
二名法
	Echinacea purpurea; (L.) Moench, 1794
異名
	Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britton; Echinacea intermedia Lindl. ex Paxton; Echinacea speciosa (Wender.) Paxton; Helichroa purpurea (L.) Raf.; Rudbeckia purpurea L.;

松果菊（學名：Echinacea purpurea），又名紫錐菊、紫錐花，是松果菊屬下的一種多年生草本植物^[2]，其種加詞「purpurea」意為「紫色的」。原產於北美洲東部^[3]^[4]，是美國和加拿大安大略省常見的野外植物之一。^[5]^[6]

形態

松果菊可以長到120公分（47英寸）高，生長在開闊的林地、草原甚至荒漠地帶，對土壤乾濕及酸鹼度沒有太高的要求，從春天到夏末都可能開花，具體時間取決於當地氣候。野生的松果菊通常開紫紅色花^[7]，其種加詞的意思就是「紫色的」^[8]。

用途

觀賞

松果菊是一種較為常見的觀賞植物，有許多個變種，其中「Ruby Giant」^[9]和「Elbrook」^[10]曾獲得皇家園藝學會「優秀園藝獎」（Award of Garden Merit）。^[11]

藥用

美國原住民使用松果菊來治療普通外傷、燒傷以及蚊蟲咬傷，其根搗碎還可以用來當牙膏或治療喉嚨痛，內服可治咳嗽、胃痛、蛇咬傷。^[12]

現在在美國和歐洲松果菊仍然是常見藥用植物之一，被普遍認為具有增強免疫力的作用^[2]^[13]。但一些研究顯示松果菊似乎並沒有太大的醫療作用^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]，而且可能會使患者產生過敏反應，導致出疹子、氣喘，甚至出現生命危險。^[18]

異名

Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britton
Echinacea intermedia Lindl.
Echinacea intermedia Lindl. ex Paxton
Echinacea purpurea f. ligettii Steyerm.
Echinacea purpurea f. purpurea
Echinacea purpurea subsp. serotina (Nutt.) L.H.Bailey
Echinacea purpurea var. arkansana Steyerm.
Echinacea purpurea var. purpurea
Echinacea purpurea var. serotina (Nutt.) L.H.Bailey
Echinacea serotina (Sw.) D.Don
Echinacea serotina (Sw.) D.Don ex G.Don
Echinacea serotina (Sw.) DC.
Echinacea speciosa (Wender.) Paxton
Helichroa alba Raf.
Helichroa amoena Raf.
Helichroa crocea Raf.
Helichroa elatior Raf.
Helichroa fusca Raf.
Helichroa fuscata Raf.
Helichroa linnaeana Raf.
Helichroa purpurea Raf.
Helichroa uniflora Raf.
Lepachis purpurea Raf.
Lepachys purpurea (L.) Raf.
Rudbeckia aspera Pers.
Rudbeckia hispida Hoffmanns.
Rudbeckia purpurea L.
Rudbeckia purpurea var. purpurea
Rudbeckia purpurea var. serotina Nutt.
Rudbeckia serotina (Nutt.) Sweet
Rudbeckia serotina Sw.
Rudbeckia speciosa Wender.

參考文獻

^ The Plant List, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-04）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Midgley, Jan W. Southeastern Wildflowers: Your complete guide to plant communities, identification, and traditional uses. Crane Hill Publishers. 1999. ISBN 1-57587-106-8.
^ Echinacea purpurea - (L.)Moench.. Plants For A Future. June 2004 [2007-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.
^ Bruce Zimmerman. Echinacea: Not always a purple coneflower.. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
^ Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (eastern purple coneflower). PLANTS Profile. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. [2007-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-11）.
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-19）.
^ Flora of North America, Eastern purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 591. 1794.. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-24）.
^ Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 149, 321
^ RHS Plant Selector - Echinacea purpurea 'Ruby Giant'. [16 July 2013]. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ RHS Plantfinder - Echinacea ‘Elbrook’. [14 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-04）.
^ AGM Plants - Ornamental (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society: 33. July 2017 [6 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-01-05）.
^ Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Blunder M, Liu X, Malainer C, Blazevic T, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Heiss EH, Schuster D, Kopp B, Bauer R, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2014, 92 (1): 73–89. PMC 4212005 . PMID 25083916. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018.
^ 挥着“翅膀”的“松果”——松果菊. 中國科學院轉載武漢植物園. 2013-07-23 [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-05）.
^ Hart A, Dey P. Echinacea for prevention of the common cold: an illustrative overview of how information from different systematic reviews is summarised on the internet. Preventive Medicine. 2009, 49 (2–3): 78–82. PMID 19389422. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.006.
^ Sachin A Shah; Stephen Sander; C Michael White; Mike Rinaldi; Craig I Coleman. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. July 2007, 7 (7): 473–480. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 17597571. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3.
^ Woelkart K, Linde K, Bauer R. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Planta Medica. May 2008, 74 (6): 633–7. PMC 4068831 . PMID 18186015. doi:10.1055/s-2007-993766.
^ Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2014, 2: CD000530. PMC 4068831 . PMID 24554461. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3.
^ Echinacea. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-05）.

擴展閱讀

Abouelella A, Shahein YE, Tawfik SS, Zahran AM. Phytotherapeutic effects of Echinacea purpurea in gamma-irradiated mice. J. Vet. Sci. 2007, 8 (4): 341–351. doi:10.4142/jvs.2007.8.4.341.
Blanchan, Neltje. Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. 2005.
Koen FE. The Influence of Echinacea Purpurea On The Hypophyseal-Adrenal System;. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1953, 3: 133–137.

外部連結

[1] The Plant List, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-04）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Midgley, Jan W. Southeastern Wildflowers: Your complete guide to plant communities, identification, and traditional uses. Crane Hill Publishers. 1999. ISBN 1-57587-106-8.

[Plants_for_a_future-3] Echinacea purpurea - (L.)Moench.. Plants For A Future. June 2004 [2007-06-06]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-03）.

[Zimmerman-4] Bruce Zimmerman. Echinacea: Not always a purple coneflower.. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.

[PLANTS-5] Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (eastern purple coneflower). PLANTS Profile. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service. [2007-06-07]. （原始內容存檔於2013-05-11）.

[6] Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-19）.

[b-7] Flora of North America, Eastern purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (Linnaeus) Moench, Methodus. 591. 1794.. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-24）.

[gledhill-8] Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521866453 (hardback), ISBN 9780521685535 (paperback). pp 149, 321

[9] RHS Plant Selector - Echinacea purpurea 'Ruby Giant'. [16 July 2013]. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[10] RHS Plantfinder - Echinacea ‘Elbrook’. [14 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-04）.

[11] AGM Plants - Ornamental (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society: 33. July 2017 [6 February 2018]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-01-05）.

[12] Wang L, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Blunder M, Liu X, Malainer C, Blazevic T, Schwaiger S, Rollinger JM, Heiss EH, Schuster D, Kopp B, Bauer R, Stuppner H, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): a review. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2014, 92 (1): 73–89. PMC 4212005 . PMID 25083916. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018.

[中科院-13] 挥着“翅膀”的“松果”——松果菊. 中國科學院轉載武漢植物園. 2013-07-23 [2018-10-21]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-05）.

[Hart_&_Dey-14] Hart A, Dey P. Echinacea for prevention of the common cold: an illustrative overview of how information from different systematic reviews is summarised on the internet. Preventive Medicine. 2009, 49 (2–3): 78–82. PMID 19389422. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.04.006.

[LancetInfDis_Shah-15] Sachin A Shah; Stephen Sander; C Michael White; Mike Rinaldi; Craig I Coleman. Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment of the common cold: a meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. July 2007, 7 (7): 473–480. ISSN 1473-3099. PMID 17597571. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70160-3.

[Woelkart_et_al.-16] Woelkart K, Linde K, Bauer R. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Planta Medica. May 2008, 74 (6): 633–7. PMC 4068831 . PMID 18186015. doi:10.1055/s-2007-993766.

[Kar2014-17] Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand-Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2014, 2: CD000530. PMC 4068831 . PMID 24554461. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3.

[NCCIH-18] Echinacea. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. [2018-10-20]. （原始內容存檔於2015-07-05）.

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