科薩人戰爭

科薩人戰爭
日期 1779–1879 地點 開普殖民地 結果 科薩人戰敗 領土變更 開普殖民地向東擴張
參戰方
科薩人國家 科薩人	大英帝國 荷屬好望角殖民地 (第一次和第二次) 游牧布爾人 開普殖民地 (第4次至第9次)

科薩人戰爭又稱開普邊境戰爭或卡弗爾戰爭 ，是1779年至1879年期間在現今南非東開普省爆發的一系列衝突，作戰一方是科薩人，另一方是大英帝國以及游牧布爾人，這些衝突按時間順序又可以細分為九場戰爭。這一系列衝突也是非洲殖民地歷史上持續時間最長的衝突。

參考文獻

• Abbink, J; Bruijn, Mirjam de; Walraven, Klaas van. Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. LULE. 2008. ISBN 978-9004126244. 
• Abbink, J; Peires, Jeffrey. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing. LULE. 1989. ISBN 9780253205247. 
• Thompson, Leonard Monteath. A history of South Africa 3, illustrated. Yale University Press. 2001: 55. ISBN 978-0-300-08776-5. 
• von Welfling Eybers, George. Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795-1910. G.Routledge & Sons. 1918. 
• Ayliff, John; Whiteside, Joseph. History of the Abambo, Generally Known as Fingos. By the Rev. John Ayliff and the Rev. Joseph Whiteside. Butterworth, Transkei. 1912. 
• Stockenstrom, Andries; Shippard, S. G. A. C.W. Hutton , 編. The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. C. Struik. 1964. 
• Benyon, John A. Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy, and the Sub-continent, 1806-1910. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0-86980-228-1. 
• Hone, Basil T. The First Son of South Africa to be Premier, Thomas Charles Scanlen. Longford Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-9635572-5-4. 
• Bundy, Colin. The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. University of California Press. 1979. ISBN 978-0-520-03754-0. 
• Oliver, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9. 
• Lewsen, Phyllis. John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman. Ad. Donker. 1982. ISBN 978-0-949937-83-4. 
• Lewsen, Phyllis. The First Crisis in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony. University of The Witwatersrand. 1940. 
• Malherbe, Vertrees Canby. What They Said, 1795-1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History. Maskew Miller. 1971. ISBN 9780623004579. 
• Molteno, Percy Alport. The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle Frere's.... London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900. ISBN 978-1-277-74131-5. 
• Mostert, Noël. Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People. New York: Knopf. 1992. ISBN 978-0-7126-5584-2. 
• Peires, Jeffrey Brian. A History of the Xhosa C. 1700-1835. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. 1976. 
• Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. Cardinal. 1974. ISBN 978-0-351-17949-5. 
• Ross, Robert. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-139-42561-2. 
• Theal, George McCall. Belangrijke historische dokumenten over Zuid Afrika: verzameld in den Haag en Berlijn. den Haag en Berlijn: Uitgegeven voor het Gouvernement van de Unie van Suid Afrika. 1911. 
• RD staff. Xhosa Wars. Reader's Digest Family Encyclopedia of World History. The Reader's Digest Association. 1996. 
• Peires, J. B. Nxele, Ntsikana and the origins of the Xhosa religious reaction (PDF). Journal of African History. 1979, 20 (I): 51–61. S2CID 56329319. doi:10.1017/s0021853700016716. 
• SAH staff. Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878. South African History Online. 21 March 2011 [2017-12-07]. 
• SAH staff. Fingo leaders gather at Peddie. South African History Online. 12 May 1836 [23 March 2012]. 
• SAH staff. 1800s time-line. South African History Online. 2012 [23 March 2012]. 
• Gon, Philip. The Last Frontier War. Military History Journal (The South African Military History Society). December 1982, 5 (6) [2015-07-16].