1889—1890年流感大流行

1889—1890年流感大流行（英語：1889–1890 flu pandemic），又稱「俄國流感（Russian flu）」，是指於1889年爆發的一次流感大流行。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] 最主要的一波疫情發生於1889年-1890年，此後1890年-1892年又發生了兩波較大規模的疫情。^[1]^[6]此次大流行共造成了全球約100萬人死亡，是歷史上致死人數最多的流行病之一，也是十九世紀最嚴重的疫情之一。^[2]^[4]^[6]^[7]

1889年5月，該病最早在俄羅斯帝國位於中亞地區的布哈拉被發現，與此同時加拿大、格林蘭島等地也有疫情報告。^[1]^[3]^[6] 俄國當地的大規模鐵路建設加重了疫情。^[1] 1889年10月，該流感傳播到了聖彼得堡、莫斯科，並沿著鐵路線傳播到了歐洲大陸。^[1]^[3]^[8] 1890年初，流感傳播到了美國，紐約、波士頓等地相繼爆發疫情，共造成約13000名美國人死亡。^[3]^[9]

該病的致病病原不明確，有研究認為是H2N2流感病毒^[6]^[10]，有研究認為是H3N8流感病毒^[8]，也有研究人員認為俄國流感可能是OC43冠狀病毒造成的^[11]^[9]^[10]。

參見

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Kempińska-Mirosławska, Bogumiła; WoŸniak-Kosek, Agnieszka. The influenza epidemic of 1889–90 in selected European cities – a picture based on the reports of two Poznań daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2013-12-10, 19: 1131–1141 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1234-1010. PMC 3867475 . PMID 24322721. doi:10.12659/MSM.889469. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 King, Anthony. An uncommon cold. New Scientist (1971). 2020-05-02, 246 (3280): 32–35 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0262-4079. PMC 7252012 . PMID 32501321. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-07）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Erkoreka, Anton. Origins of the Spanish Influenza pandemic (1918–1920) and its relation to the First World War. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine : An International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2009-11-30, 3 (2): 190–194 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1747-0862. PMC 2805838 . PMID 20076789. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-20）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 1889年俄国流感4个月席卷全球百万人丧生. 新華網. 搜狐. [2020-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-21）.
^ 葛元芬. 1889年，俄国流感4个月席卷全球. 中國期刊全文資料庫. [2020-12-15]. ^{[失效連結]}
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Noor, Rashed; Maniha, Syeda Muntaka. A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889–till date on the public health perspectives. VirusDisease. 2020-09-02: 1–9 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 2347-3584. PMC 7466926 . PMID 32905186. doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-20）.
^ Ramiro, Diego; Garcia, Sara; Casado, Yolanda; Cilek, Laura; Chowell, Gerardo. Age-specific excess mortality patterns and transmissibility during the 1889–1890 influenza pandemic in Madrid, Spain. Annals of Epidemiology. 2018-05, 28 (5): 267–272 [2021-01-31]. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.12.009. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）（英語）.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Valleron, Alain-Jacques; Cori, Anne; Valtat, Sophie; Meurisse, Sofia; Carrat, Fabrice; Boëlle, Pierre-Yves. Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-11, 107 (19): 8778–8781 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 20421481. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000886107. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）（英語）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Our Coronavirus Predicament Isn't All That New. Bloomberg.com. 2020-05-15 [2020-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）（英語）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Vijgen, Leen; Keyaerts, Els; Moës, Elien; Thoelen, Inge; Wollants, Elke; Lemey, Philippe; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke; Van Ranst, Marc. Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus Transmission Event. Journal of Virology. 2005-2, 79 (3): 1595–1604 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 15650185. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)
^ COVID-19可能會永遠與我們共存，本文告訴你我們會怎麼與它一起生活. 國家地理雜誌中文網. [2021-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-28）.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Kempińska-Mirosławska, Bogumiła; WoŸniak-Kosek, Agnieszka. The influenza epidemic of 1889–90 in selected European cities – a picture based on the reports of two Poznań daily newspapers from the second half of the nineteenth century. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2013-12-10, 19: 1131–1141 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1234-1010. PMC 3867475 . PMID 24322721. doi:10.12659/MSM.889469. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-18）.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 King, Anthony. An uncommon cold. New Scientist (1971). 2020-05-02, 246 (3280): 32–35 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0262-4079. PMC 7252012 . PMID 32501321. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(20)30862-9. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-07）.

[:2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Erkoreka, Anton. Origins of the Spanish Influenza pandemic (1918–1920) and its relation to the First World War. Journal of Molecular and Genetic Medicine : An International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2009-11-30, 3 (2): 190–194 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 1747-0862. PMC 2805838 . PMID 20076789. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-20）.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 1889年俄国流感4个月席卷全球百万人丧生. 新華網. 搜狐. [2020-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2016-09-21）.

[5] 葛元芬. 1889年，俄国流感4个月席卷全球. 中國期刊全文資料庫. [2020-12-15]. ^{[失效連結]}

[:4-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Noor, Rashed; Maniha, Syeda Muntaka. A brief outline of respiratory viral disease outbreaks: 1889–till date on the public health perspectives. VirusDisease. 2020-09-02: 1–9 [2021-01-31]. ISSN 2347-3584. PMC 7466926 . PMID 32905186. doi:10.1007/s13337-020-00628-5. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-20）.

[7] Ramiro, Diego; Garcia, Sara; Casado, Yolanda; Cilek, Laura; Chowell, Gerardo. Age-specific excess mortality patterns and transmissibility during the 1889–1890 influenza pandemic in Madrid, Spain. Annals of Epidemiology. 2018-05, 28 (5): 267–272 [2021-01-31]. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.12.009. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-11）（英語）.

[:5-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Valleron, Alain-Jacques; Cori, Anne; Valtat, Sophie; Meurisse, Sofia; Carrat, Fabrice; Boëlle, Pierre-Yves. Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010-05-11, 107 (19): 8778–8781 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 20421481. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000886107. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）（英語）.

[:6-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Our Coronavirus Predicament Isn't All That New. Bloomberg.com. 2020-05-15 [2020-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）（英語）.

[:7-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Vijgen, Leen; Keyaerts, Els; Moës, Elien; Thoelen, Inge; Wollants, Elke; Lemey, Philippe; Vandamme, Anne-Mieke; Van Ranst, Marc. Complete Genomic Sequence of Human Coronavirus OC43: Molecular Clock Analysis Suggests a Relatively Recent Zoonotic Coronavirus Transmission Event. Journal of Virology. 2005-2, 79 (3): 1595–1604 [2020-12-15]. ISSN 0022-538X. PMID 15650185. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.3.1595-1604.2005. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-14）. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助)

[11] COVID-19可能會永遠與我們共存，本文告訴你我們會怎麼與它一起生活. 國家地理雜誌中文網. [2021-02-02]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-28）.

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