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維基百科，自由的百科全書
康維爾
F-106三角標槍戰鬥機
康維爾880
Atlas-Centaur
Convair built military and civil aircraft, as well as rockets

康維爾是一家美國的飛行器和火箭製造商。於1943年伏爾提飛機公司和聯合飛機公司併購時成立，之後生產了一系列領先於時代的飛機，如B-36轟炸機 ，F-102戰鬥機和F-106戰鬥機等。康維爾也負責製造了第一枚擎天神火箭，用於水星計畫。 The company's subsequent Atlas-Centaur design continued this success and derivatives of the design remain in use as of 2010. In 1994 most of the company's divisions were sold by then-owners 通用動力公司 to 麥道公司和洛克希德公司, with the remaining components deactivated in 1996.

成立[編輯]

The Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation, whose name was in the course of time changed to Convair, the Convair Corporation and similar names, was an American aircraft, rocket, and spacecraft company for the design, development, and manufacturing of such high-technology aerospace products, and/or sub-units of them, or else a subsidiary of a larger corporation. It existed as a company from 1943 until 1994, although the Consolidated Aircraft company had existed before that, and had produced aircraft that were important in the early years of 第二次世界大戰, especially the PBY Catalina for the 美國海軍, theRoyal Canadian Air Force, the British flying forces, and some others. The Catalina remained in production through May 1945, and a total of over 4,000 of them were built. What was soon to be called "Convair" (first unofficially, and then officially), was created in 1943 by the merger of the Consolidated Aircraft Company and the Vultee Aircraft Company. This merger produced a largeairplane company of that time period, though still smaller than the giants like 道格拉斯公司,波音, and Lockheed. Convair always had most of its research, design, and manufacturing operations inSan Diego County of Southern California, and nearby counties, though other locations were involved, as well.

從噴射時代到太空時代[編輯]

1953年3月，all of the Convair company was bought by the 通用動力, a conglomerate of military and high-technology companies, and it became officially the Convair Division within General Dynamics.[1]

After the beginning of the Jet Age of military fighters and bombers, Convair was a pioneer of the delta-winged aircraft design, along with the French 達索航太 aircraft company, which designed and built the Mirage fighter planes.

One of Convair's most famous products was the 10-engined Convair B-36 strategic bomber, burning four turbojets & turning six pusher props driven by Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial piston engines. The Convair B-36 was the largest landbased piston engined bomber in the world. The Atlas missile, the F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart delta-winged interceptors, and the delta-winged B-58 Hustler supersonic intercontinental nuclear bomber were all Convair products. For a period of time in the 1960s, Convair manufactured its own line of jet commercial airliners, the Convair 880 and Convair 990, but this did not turn out to be a profitable business. However, Convair found that it was profitable to become an aviation subcontractor and to manufacture large subsections of airliners, such as fuselages for the larger airliner companies, McDonnell Douglas, Boeing, and Lockheed.

The Convair Division produced its own airplane designs, such as several airliners, until 1965, when it shifted from these toairframe/aerostructure subcontracting projects for other companies. Convair also shifted more money and effort into its outer space products, especially rocket boosters. The Convair-made and cryogenically-fueled 擎天神飛彈 ICBM for the U.S. Air Force had within just a handful of years become obsolete, and had been replaced by the room-temperature liquid-fueled Titan II missile and the solid-fueled Minuteman missile.

Convair worked hard to make its Atlas rocket product into a very reliable space booster rocket, especially when combined with theCentaur upper stage to form the Atlas-Centaur rocket for launching geosynchronous communication satellites and space probes. The Centaur rocket was also designed, developed, and produced by Convair, and it was the first widely-used outer space rocket to use the all-cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The use of this liquid hydrogen - liquid oxygen combination in the Centaur was an important direct precursor to the use of the same fuel-oxidizer combination in the Saturn S-II second stage and the Saturn S-IVB third stage of the gigantic 農神5號 moon rocket of the阿波羅計畫. The S-IVB had earlier also been used as the second stage of the smaller Saturn IB rocket, such as the one which was used to launch 阿波羅7號. The Centaur upper stage was first designed and developed for launching the Surveyor lunar landers, beginning in 1966, to augment the delta-V of the Atlas rockets and give them enough payload capability to deliver the required mass of the Surveyors to the Moon.

More than 100 Convair-produced Atlas-Centaur rockets (including those with their successor designations) were used to successfully launch over 100 satellites, and among their many other outer space missions, they launched the 先驅者10號和先驅者11號深空探測器。 space probes, the first two to be launched on trajectories that carried them out of the 太陽系.

In addition to aircraft, missiles and space vehicles, Convair developed the large Charactron vacuum tubes, which were the precursors of modern cathode ray tube (CRT) computer displays,[2] and to give an example of a minor product, the CORDIC algorithms, which is widely used today to calculate trigonometric functions in calculators,field-programmable gate arrays, and other small electronic systems.

Dissolution[編輯]

In 1994, the General Dynamics Corporation split and sold the original Convair Division, along with other General Dynamics aerospace units that had been swept into it over the decades. The airframe/aerostructures manufacturing company and the space boosters company (both mostly in California) were sold to the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. The Fort Worth, Texas factory and its associated engineering locations and laboratories - which had been previously used for the manufacture of hundreds of General DynamicsF-111戰鬥轟炸機 fighter-bombers and F-16 Fighting Falcon fighters for the U.S. Air Force, along with dozens of smaller projects- were sold, along with all intellectual property and the legal rights to the products that were being designed and built within, to the Lockheed Corporation. In 1996, General Dynamics deactivated all of the remaining legal entities of the Convair Division.

大事記[編輯]

Due to name changes and acquisitions over the years it is often difficult to sort out the exact sequence of events. In order to clarify things, the following timeline was created by consulting a variety of sources to resolve discrepancies.

  • 1923 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation formed by Major Ruben Fleet
  • 1929 Aviation Corporation (AVCO) holding company formed by multiple participants
  • 1932 Airplane Development Corporation formed by Gerard F. "Jerry" Vultee; Errett Lobban Cord soon takes it over
  • 1934 AVCO acquired the Airplane Development Corporation from Cord and formed the Aviation Manufacturing Corporation (AMC)
  • 1936 AMC liquidated to form the Vultee Aircraft Division, an autonomous subsidiary of AVCO
  • 1939 Vultee Aircraft Division of AVCO reorganized as an independent company known as Vultee Aircraft, Inc.
  • 1941 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation sold to AVCO
  • 1943 Consolidated-Vultee, also known as Convair, formed by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft; still controlled by AVCO
  • 1947 Convair acquired by the Atlas Corporation
  • 1947 AVCO name changed to Avco Manufacturing Corporation
  • 1953 or 1954 Convair acquired by General Dynamics
  • 1959 Avco Manufacturing Corporation name changed to Avco Corporation
  • 1985 Avco Corporation acquired by Textron
  • 1985 General Dynamics formed the Space Systems Division from the Convair Space Program
  • 1994 Space Systems Division sold to Martin Marietta
  • 1994 Convair Aircraft Structures unit sold to McDonnell Douglas

The above timeline was based on the following sources:

產品[編輯]

飛行器[編輯]

Convair B-36 Peacemaker, which used both piston and jet engines
ConvairCar Model 118
The Convair XF-92A was the USA's first delta wing aircraft
Convair B-58 Hustler. This aircraft set transcontinental speed record 03/05/62 by flying nonstop from Los Angeles to New York and back again

Note: U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy aircraft designations that begin with "X" are merely experimental models of aircraft only made in small numbers. Military aircraft designations that begin with "Y" are developmental models made in small batches, which may or may not have subsequently entered large-scale production.

In the former designation system the Navy and the Marine Corps used, a final letter of "Y" identified a Convair or a Consolidated product, such as the PBY-5 flying boat.

飛彈和火箭[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

  1. ^ General Dynamics Corporation. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. [2006-03-31]. 
  2. ^ Charactron Tube. Computing at Chilton, of Atlas Computer Laboratory, Chilton. 2006-08-05 [2006-10-22]. 

外部連結[編輯]

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：Johnzheng/Sandbox2
康維爾與通用動力生產的飛機
製造商型號
轟炸機
戰鬥機與
攻擊機
民航機
軍用運輸機
通用動力

Template:Aviationlist

普惠R-4360[編輯]

普惠 R-4360 大黃蜂（局部圖）
類型 四列星型活塞引擎
原產國 美國
製造商 普惠公司
首次運轉 1944年
使用機種 B-50轟炸機
C-97
C-119
B-36轟炸機
製造數量 18,697
前型 R-2180-A Twin Hornet
後繼型 R-2180 Twin Wasp E

普惠 R-4360 「大黃蜂」（Wasp Major）是普惠公司於第二次世界大戰期間研製的一款大型星型活塞引擎。它是普惠公司「黃蜂「家族中的最後一款，亦是集普惠活塞引擎先進技術於一身的巔峰之作，但在它裝備飛機投入使用前戰爭就已結束。儘管如此，R-4360仍成為了在渦輪噴射發動機和渦輪螺旋漿引擎出現之前的最後一代大型活塞式飛機的動力源。

設計開發[編輯]

The R-4360 was a 28-cylinder four-row air cooled radial engine. Each row of pistons was slightly offset from the previous, forming a semi-helical arrangement to facilitate efficient airflow cooling of the successive rows of cylinders, with the spiraled cylinder setup inspiring the engine's "corncob" nickname. A mechanical supercharger geared at 6.374:1 ratio to engine speed provided forced induction, while the propeller was geared at 0.375:1 so that the tips did not reach inefficient supersonic speeds.

Although reliable in flight, the Wasp Major was maintenance-intensive. Improper starting technique could foul all 56 spark plugs, which would require hours to clean or replace. As with most piston aircraft engines of the era, the time between overhauls of the Wasp Major was about 600 hours when used in commercial service.

Engine displacement was 4,362.50 in³ (71.5 L), hence the model designation. Initial models developed 3,000 hp (2,240 kW), and later models 3,500 hp but one model delivered 4,300 hp (3200 kW) using two large turbochargers in addition to the supercharger. Engines weighed 3,482 to 3,870 lb (1,579 to 1,755 kg), giving a power to weight ratio of 1.11 hp/lb (1.83 kW/kg), which was matched or exceeded by very few contemporary engines.

Wasp Majors were produced between 1944 and 1955; 18,697 were built.

A derivative engine, the R-2180-E Twin Wasp E, was essentially the R-4360 "cut in half". It had two rows of seven cylinders each, and was used on the postwar Saab 90 Scandia airliner.

裝備機型[編輯]

改型[編輯]

性能諸元[編輯]

基本參數

  • 型號: 28-cylinder supercharged air-cooled four-row radial engine
  • 腔徑: 5.75 in. (146.05 mm)
  • 行程: 6.00 in. (152.4 mm)
  • 排量: 4,362.5 in³ (71.49 L)
  • 長度: 96.5 in. (2 451 mm)
  • 直徑: 55 in (1397 mm)
  • 乾重: 3,870 lb (1,755 kg)

組件

性能

  • 功率輸出: 4,300 hp (3,210 kW)
  • 功率密度: 0.99 hp/in³ (44.9 kW/L)
  • 壓縮比: 6.7 : 1
  • 功率重量比: 1.11 hp/lb (1.83 kW/kg)


參見[編輯]

參考資料[編輯]

外部連結[編輯]

維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：普惠 R-4360
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