^Gilman, Daniel Coit. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and company. 1906: 644. OCLC 223290453. A Turkish soldier and statesman, born of Greek parents on the island of Chios. In 1831 he was taken to Paris, where he was educated in engineering
^Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events. D. Appleton. 1878: 268. OCLC 184889012. EDHEM PASHA, the successor of Midhat Pasha as Grand Vizier, was born at Chio, of Greek parents, in 1823. He was saved, when a child, by Turkish soldiers
^Littell, Eliakim. The Living age. The Living Age Co. 1888: 614. OCLC 10173561. Edhem Pasha was a Greek by birth, pure and unadulterated, having when an infant been stolen from the island of Chios at the time of the great massacre there
^Edhem Eldem, "Greeks and the Greeks in Ottoman History and Turkish Historiography", The Historical Review (Institute for Neohellenic Research) 6:27 (2009) full text互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-04-12.
^Latimer, Elizabeth Wormeley. Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century. BiblioBazaar. 2008: 204. ISBN 0-559-52708-X. Grand vizier Edhem Pasha…the grand vizier, who sent him to Paris, whence he returned a Bachelor of Arts, and one of the best pupils at the Ecole des Mines.
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