使用者:Simon Wade/沙盒 5
「三位一體」核試驗、廣島、長崎[編輯]
「原爆點」一詞最早用於在新墨西哥州索科羅縣托立尼提沙漠進行的三位一體核試驗，以及後來的廣島與長崎原子彈爆炸中。美國戰略轟炸調查團在1946年6月發出的關於原子彈的報告中，寬泛地使用了「原爆點」一詞，並定義為「為了方便起見，『原爆點』（Ground Zero）一詞將用於表示爆炸點正下方的地面上的點」。戰地記者威廉·勞倫斯稱，「Zero」源於被選為進行三位一體核試驗地點的代號。
《牛津英語詞典》引用1946年《紐約時報》關於被摧毀的廣島市的一篇報道，將原爆點定義為「炸彈爆炸時正下方的地面，特指原子彈」。
在廣島，實際的原爆點為島醫院，與預定的原爆點相生橋偏移了600米。
五角大樓[編輯]
During the Cold War, The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, was an assured target in the event of nuclear war. The open space in the center of the Pentagon became known informally as ground zero. A snack bar that used to be located at the center of this open space was nicknamed "Cafe Ground Zero".[1]
| 生意人報 | |
|---|---|
| 類型 | 日報 |
| 持有者 | 阿利舍爾·烏斯馬諾夫 |
| 創刊日 | 1909年 1989年 |
| 語言 | 俄文 |
| 總部 |  俄羅斯莫斯科 |
| 發行量 | 120,000-130,000（截至2013年7月） |
| ISSN | 1563-6380 |
| 網站 | kommersant.ru |
《生意人報》（俄語：Коммерса́нтъ，IPA：[kəmʲɪrˈsant]，經常被簡稱為«Ъ»），俄羅斯的一份於全國發行的日報，以政治和商業報道為主。
歷史[編輯]
《生意人報》最初於1909年創刊，1917年因為布爾什維克掌權並引入審查制度後被迫停刊。
1989年，隨着俄羅斯新聞自由的放開，《生意人報》復刊，由商人弗拉基米爾·雅科夫列夫所有。
2005年1月，《生意人報》在版面上「開天窗」，以抗議法院要求報社就之前發表的關於Alfa 銀行危機的報道刊登糾正聲明。當期唯一的一篇文章，以上下顛倒的形勢刊登在頭版。
多邊會議[編輯]
座標：30°14′4.2″N 120°7′19.8″E / 30.234500°N 120.122167°E 704工程，又被稱為林彪行宮，是中共領導人林彪在浙江省杭州市修建的別墅群和地下軍事基地，現位於杭州市西湖區三台山路278號浙江賓館內。
因為工程於1970年4月開始建設，故稱為704工程。
歷史[編輯]
建築[編輯]
別墅群[編輯]
地下軍事基地[編輯]
另見[編輯]
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Pentagon Hot Dog Stand, Cold War Legend, to be Torn Down. United States Department of Defense. September 20, 2006 [2010-05-06].
'It's rumored that a portion of their (Soviet) nuclear arsenal was directed at that building, the Pentagon hot dog stand,' tour guides tell visitors as they pass the stand. 'This is where the building earned the nickname Cafe Ground Zero, the deadliest hot dog stand in the world.'
Bibliography[編輯]
Books[編輯]
- The Day the World came to town: 9/11 in Gander, Newfoundland. Harper Collins. 2003. ISBN 978-0-06-055971-7.
- Transport Canada. 11–09–2001 Four Days in September (PDF). Ottawa: Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 2002. ISBN 0-662-66832-4.
Television[編輯]
- Attack on the USA (television). CBC News. 2001-09-11.
- Global National: America Under Attack (television). Global TV. 2001-09-11.
Newspapers[編輯]
- Higgins, Michael; Smyth, Julie. Military Escorts Jets to Airports After Hijacking Fears. The National Post. September 12, 2001: A9.
| 北外灘白玉蘭廣場 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 概要 | |
| 狀態 | 竣工 |
| 類型 | 混合（辦公、零售、酒店） |
| 建築風格 | 現代主義 |
| 地點 |  中國上海市虹口區 |
| 座標 | 31°15′4″N 121°29′36.75″E / 31.25111°N 121.4935417°E座標：31°15′4″N 121°29′36.75″E / 31.25111°N 121.4935417°E{{#coordinates:}}：每頁不能有多個主標籤 |
| 起造 | 2008年 |
| 竣工日 | 2017年 |
| 高度 | |
| 屋頂 | 辦公塔樓：319.5公尺（1,048英尺） 酒店塔樓：171.7公尺（563英尺） |
| 技術細節 | |
| 建築面積 | 817,000平方公尺（8,790,000平方英尺） |
| 層數 | 辦公塔樓：66 酒店塔樓：39 |
| 設計與建造 | |
| 建築師 | SOM建築設計事務所 |
| 開發商 | 金光集團、上海金港北外灘置業有限公司 |
| 主承包商 | 上海建工集團 |
北外灘白玉蘭廣場位於中國上海市虹口區黃浦江北岸，由一棟高319.5米的辦公塔樓、一棟高171.7米的酒店塔樓以及一個購物中心組成。
白玉蘭廣場的辦公塔樓超越上海世茂國際廣場，以319.5米的建築高度（不含頂部天線等各類設施）成為浦西第一高樓、上海第五高樓。[1]
歷史[編輯]
- 上海外灘W酒店
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 遲騰. 上海再添摩天大厦，浦西第一高楼正式竣工亮相. 解放日報. 2017-01-04 [2018-12-17].
外部連結[編輯]
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Legal issues[編輯]
What rights and privileges honorary citizenship bestows, if any, is unclear. According to State Department documents, it does not grant eligibility for United States passports.[1]
Despite widespread belief that Lafayette received honorary citizenship of the United States before Churchill,[2] he did not receive honorary citizenship until 2002. Lafayette did become a natural-born citizen during his lifetime. On 28 December 1784, the Maryland General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Lafayette and his male heirs "forever shall be...natural born Citizens" of the state.[3] This made him a natural-born citizen of the United States under the Articles of Confederation and as defined in Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution.[4][5][2][6][7][8]
Lafayette boasted in 1792 that he had become an American citizen before the French Revolution created the concept of French citizenship.[9] In 1803, President Jefferson wrote him he would have offered to make him Governor of Louisiana, had he been "on the spot".[10] In 1932, descendant René de Chambrun established his American citizenship based on the Maryland resolution,[11][12] although he was probably ineligible as the inherited citizenship was likely only intended for direct descendants who were heir to Lafayette's estate and title.[13] The Board of Immigration Appeals ruled in 1955 that "it is possible to argue" that Lafayette and living male heirs became American citizens when the Constitution became effective on 4 March 1789, but that heirs born later were not U.S. citizens.[5]
Honorary citizenship should not be confused with citizenship or permanent residency bestowed by a private bill. Private bills are, on rare occasions, used to provide relief to individuals, often in immigration cases, and are also passed by Congress and signed into law by the President. One such statute, granting Elián González U.S. citizenship, was suggested in 1999, but was never enacted.[14]
| Olympic Laurel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 主辦單位 | International Olympic Committee |
The Olympic Laurel is a distinction awarded by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to honour those who have "made significant achievements in education, culture, development and peace through sport". It was introduced in 2016 to implement part of recommendation 26 of Olympic Agenda 2020,[15] and will be presented during the opening ceremony of each Olympic Games. IOC President Thomas Bach stated that the award reconnects the Olympics the ideals and values of the Ancient Olympic Games.[16] The trophy features a laurel wreath and the Olympic rings which are made out of Fairmined Gold and the base is a stone from Ancient Olympia.[17][16]
List of Olympic Laurel recipients[編輯]
| Year | Name | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| 2016 |  Kipchoge Keino
|
[18] |
| 2018 |  Jacques Rogge
|
[19] |
| 2020/1 |  Muhammad Yunus
|
[20] |
References[編輯]
- ^ 8 FAM 306.1: Honorary Citizenship. Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 8. U.S. Department of State. 27 June 2018 [18 July 2018].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Sir Winston May Get U.S. Citizenship. Sarasota Journal. UPI. 1963-03-11: 5 [25 February 2016].
- ^ Lafayette again became an honorary citizen of Maryland in 1823, as well as of Connecticut the same year.
- ^ Speare, Morris Edmund. Lafayette, Citizen of America (PDF). The New York Times. 7 September 1919 [2 February 2011].
- ^ 5.0 5.1 IN THE MATTER OF M, 6 IN Dec. 749 (B.I.A. 1955). 「We need not consider the precise effect of the Maryland act of 1784 upon the political status of Lafayette and such of his male heirs as had been born prior to the date when the Constitution of the United States became effective (March 4, 1789). It is possible to argue that they were citizens of Maryland and under Section 2 of Article IV of the United States Constitution should be considered citizens of the United States. However, we hold that when Congress by legislation set forth the requirements for citizenship, the descendents of Lafayette who were born thereafter could only acquire United States citizenship on the terms specified by Congress, and they were not in a position to acquire such citizenship by virtue of the Maryland act of 1784.」
- ^ Folliard, Edward T. JFK Slipped on Historical Data In Churchill Tribute. Sarasota Journal. 25 May 1973 [2 February 2011].
- ^ Cornell, Douglas B. Churchill Acceptance 'Honors Us Far More'. The Sumter Daily Item. 10 April 1963 [2 February 2011].
- ^ Plumpton, John. A Son of America Though a Subject of Britain. Finest Hour (The Churchill Centre). Summer 1988, (60).
- ^ Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Cornell University Library. 2006 [2012-09-29].
- ^ Lafayette’s Triumphal Tour: America, 1824-1825. Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds. Cornell University Library. 2006 [2 February 2011].
- ^ Letters. TIME. 2 December 1940 [2 February 2011].
- ^ Rogister, John. Obituaries: René de Chambrun. The Independent. 17 August 2002 [2 February 2011]. 原始內容存檔於January 1, 2010.
- ^ Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal. Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolution (1783-1789). University of Chicago Press. 1950: 435–436.
- ^ Bash, Dana. Helms says he aims to offer U.S. citizenship to Elian Gonzalez. CNN. 23 December 1999 [2 February 2011].
- ^ Plympic agaenda recommendations (PDF). stillmed.olympic.org. 2020 [2020-02-29].
- ^ 16.0 16.1 New Olympic Laurel Award to “Reconnect with the Ideals and Values of the Ancient Olympic Games” - Olympic News. Olympic.org. [2020-02-29].
- ^ Posted by fairmined on August 13, 2016 in Events. THE OLYMPIC LAUREL: A new trophy made of Fairmined Gold. Fairmined. 2016-08-13 [2020-02-29].
- ^ Kip Keino to receive Olympic Laurel distinction. IOC. [15 August 2016].
- ^ https://www.apnews.com/c0762949da024bdfac1307f31e26e758
- ^ https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020/bangladeshi-nobel-laureate-Dr.-muhammad-yunus-olympic-laurel-23172
Template:Olympic symbols Template:International Olympic Committee
 | 這是一篇獎勵相關小作品。你可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。 |
 | 這是一篇奧運會小作品。你可以透過編輯或修訂擴充其內容。 |
第五十一屆超級碗中場表演作為第五十一屆超級碗的一部分，於2017年2月5日在德克薩斯州休斯頓的NRG球場舉行。本次中場秀由嘎嘎小姐擔綱，她演唱了包括她新近發行的錄音室專輯《喬安》等個人作品在內的組曲。
嘎嘎小姐的這次表演廣受好評，媒體稱讚為是嘎嘎小姐本人藝術和音樂水準的表現。本次中場秀也因為對LGBT社群的支持，運用無人機群組成燈光秀引入演出和傳遞出的政治意味而為人所知。本次演出收穫1億1750萬電視觀眾，是超級碗歷史上收視人數第二高的中場表演，也是連續第四年中場表演的收視率高於超級碗球賽本身。美國國家美式橄欖球聯盟（NFL）表示，綜合考慮電視、網絡和社交媒體的觀看人數，第五十一屆超級碗中場表演是「有史以來觀看人數最多的音樂演出」。
概要[編輯]
| 外部影片連結 | |
|---|---|
 Full Super Bowl LI halftime show –透過the NFL's official channel on YouTube. | |
| Super Bowl LI halftime show –透過Lady Gaga's official channel on YouTube. |
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中場表演以嘎嘎小姐在NGR球場的屋頂演唱《天佑美國》為開始。由英特爾開發的300架無人機在嘎嘎小姐的身後組成紅白藍三色的燈光秀。隨後她演唱了伍迪·格思里的歌曲《這是你的土地》，並在歌曲的最後念了來自美國公民效忠宣誓中的一句話「上帝之下，未可分裂之國度，自由平等全民皆享」，同時無人機組成了美國國旗的造型。嘎嘎小姐之後從屋頂縱身一躍，來到舞台上的高柱平台，並演唱了《撲克臉》，然後她從高柱平台上再次跳下，落在了舞台中央，和伴舞一同表演了《天生完美》。
之後，嘎嘎小姐來到舞台一隅，演唱了單人版本的《電話》，接着她被一名舞者抱至舞台中央，然後背上Keytar表演了《舞力全開》。
背景[編輯]
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2016年8月，媒體開始報道NFL正在和英國女歌手阿黛爾討論她在第五十一屆超級碗中場表演中獻唱一事。[1]NFL的一位代表說：「組織者正盡全力說服她（阿黛爾）參加。」[2] 然而阿黛爾本人在洛杉磯的巡演中說，雖然NFL提供了她這個機會，但她還是選擇拒絕。而NFL方面否認向阿黛爾提供正式的邀請，並發表聲明：
NFL 和百事可樂是阿黛爾的粉絲。我們和多位藝術家就超級碗中場表演進行溝通。不過目前我們沒有向包括阿黛爾在內的任何藝術家提供正式的邀請函。我們致力於在休斯頓展現一場精彩絕倫的演出，並將在合適的時機宣布中場秀演出嘉賓的人選。[3]
與此同時，嘎嘎小姐宣布自己將在2016年10月發布第五張錄音室專輯《喬安》。《公告牌》報道，NFL正在和嘎嘎小姐商談，因為她曾在上一屆超級碗上演唱美國國歌。2016年9月26日，嘎嘎小姐在自己的Instagram賬號上宣布自己將在下一屆超級碗中場秀中擔綱。[4]負責轉播本屆超級碗的FOX Sports的總裁John Entz也確認了嘎嘎小姐的出席，並補充道：「她是我們這個世代最有活力的歌手之一。我們對於她將登上超級碗中場表演的舞台喜聞樂見。這將是一個不可思議的夜晚。」[5]
這也是百事可樂連續第5年贊助超級碗中場表演。
過程[編輯]
有消息稱，NFL禁止中場秀的表演者提及總統唐納德·特朗普，NFL出面駁斥了這條消息。NFL的代表發布公告稱：「」
時尚[編輯]
原先穿着大膽時尚的嘎嘎小姐在專輯《喬安》發行後，穿衣風格開始走簡約風。在中場秀前，大家都在猜測她會穿什麼服裝表演。[6]范思哲為
無人機[編輯]
當嘎嘎小姐在NRG球場的屋頂表演時，300架由英特爾研發的Shooting Star燈光秀無人機騰空為表演助陣。[7]
商業表現[編輯]
在美國，有1.175億電視觀眾收看了本次中場秀演出，是繼凱蒂·佩芮在2015年中場秀之後，收視人數第二高的超級碗中場表演。也是連續第四年，中場表演的收視人數高於超級碗比賽本身，本屆超級碗比賽的收視人數為1.113億。[8]2017年2月17日，NFL 官方宣布本次中場秀基於電視觀眾以及在數字媒體和社交媒體平台（包括NFL.com，NFL 在Facebook、Twitter、YouTube 的官方頁面，僅YouTube 頁面在中場秀直播是就有2800萬的觀看量）觀眾的多平台收看人數達到1.5億。NFL 之前從未將社交媒體納入收視人數的統計。[9][10]
Twitter 上共有510萬條推文關於本屆的中場表演，其中有220萬產生於演出期間，這讓嘎嘎小姐成為史上推文討論最多的演出藝人。
表演曲目[編輯]
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以下歌曲在本次中場表演中演唱[11]：
- 天佑美國（God Bless America）/這是你的土地（This Land Is Your Land）（預先錄製的入場視頻）
- 撲克臉（Poker Face）（包含《Dance in the Dark》《Just Dance》《Paparazzi》《LoveGame》《The Edge of Glory》的片段）
- 天生完美（Born This Way）
- 電話（Telephone）
- 舞力全開（Just Dance）
- 百萬個理由（Million Reasons）
- 羅曼死（Bad Romance）
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ Nelson, Jeff. Lady Gaga Hopes to Deliver 'Powerful' Super Bowl Halftime Show Like Greats Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen. People. 2016-10-04 [2016-11-09]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-09）.
- ^ Wooton, Dan. Adele set to perform at the Super Bowl show as ‘desperate’ chiefs bid to land Brit star. 太陽報. 2016-08-08 [2016-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-09）.
- ^ Iasimone, Ashlee. Adele Did Not Get Super Bowl Halftime Show Offer, Says NFL and Pepsi. Billboard. 2016-08-14 [2016-11-08]. （原始內容存檔於2016-11-09）.
- ^ Coscarelli, Joe. Lady Gaga to Headline Super Bowl Halftime Show. The New York Times. 2016-09-29 [2016-10-01]. （原始內容存檔於2016-10-03）.
- ^ Halperin, Shirley. It's Official: Lady Gaga to Headline 2017 Super Bowl Halftime Show. The Hollywood Reporter. 2016-09-26 [2016-11-06].
- ^ Wete, Brad. Lady Gaga's Versace Super Bowl Style Scored Big, Says Fashion Pundit Cameron Silver and Beyonce's Stylist Ty Hunter. Billboard. 2017-02-06 [2017-02-20]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-06）.
- ^ 陳曉莉. 美國超級盃中場秀：英特爾以300架無人機的數位煙火秀助陣. iThome. 2017-02-07 [2018-11-02].
- ^ Schwindt, Oriana. Super Bowl LI Pulls in 111.3 Million Viewers on Fox, Shy of 2015 Ratings Record. Variety. 2017-02-06 [February 6, 2017]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-06）.
- ^ Ratings Roundup: Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Is Most-Watched Musical Event In History; NHRA on Fox Revs Up. Sports Video Group. [2017-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-21）.
- ^ Super Bowl LI halftime show was the most-watched musical event in history across all platforms. SB Nation. Vox Media. [2017-02-19]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-18）.
- ^ Weatherby, Taylor. Watch Lady Gaga's Show-Stopping Super Bowl 2017 Halftime Performance. Billboard. 2017-02-05 [2017-02-05]. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-06）.
外部連結[編輯]
- Pepsi Halftime 'Guest of Honor'
- Don't Worry About What 'Joanne' Songs Lady Gaga Is Gonna Perform at the Super Bowl Billboard
- Super Bowl LI Halftime Show 2017 Staging Technical Drawings Live Design
- Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Set Drawings Live Design
- Will Lady Gaga's Drones Win a Lion? Intel Explains How It Pulled Off Its Fantastical Super Bowl Stunt Adweek
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